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THE GEOGRAPHY OF 
NEW ENGLAND 



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BY 

PHILIP EMERSON 

PRINCIPAL CENTRAL JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL 
LYNN 



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THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 
1922 

Ail rights reserved 

Copyright, igzi, hy The Macmillan Company 



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APPROXIMATE POPULATION 
OF CITIES AND TOWNS 
3 Over 50.000 
(S) 25,000 to 50.000 
© 10.000 to 23.000 
@ 5.000 to 10.000 
(D 2.500 to 5.000 
Q 1.000 to 2.500 
O Under 1.[<I0 



MAINE 

Physical and Political 

Scale of Miles 

10 20 30 45 



Augusta SWte Capital Hou»or^ County Seat 

'"— 'Railroads 



HEIGHTS IN FEET 
Over 3.000 



2.000 to 3.000 
I 1.000 to 2.000 



f^OO to 1.000 
100 to 500 

S^B Level to 100 



I GEMEHAL OBAfTIHG CO. INC., W Y 



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DEC 27 1922 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



Questions on Fig. 1. — i. In what section of 
Maine are there no railroads? In that section, how 
far from a railroad can one go? How does this 
distance compare with corresponding distances in 
other states? (See map of United States in main 
text.) State reasons for lack of railroads in this 
section. 2. Find the Lafayette National Park. 
What topographical features shown by the map 
make it evident that the scenery here must be 
attractive? 3. Draw an imaginary line around 
that section of Maine which would include all 
towns of more than 10,000 population. (See popu- 
lation scale as shown on map.) Why this distribu- 
tion of cities? 4. What effects of glacial action 
can you observe by a study of this map ? 



The uneven distribution of population. — 
Turn to tlie table of areas and populations 
Location of the of the Northeastern States (main 
denseTopuU- ^xt, p. 29). Name the states 
tion included in the New England 

group. Find what part of the entire area 
each state of this group forms. Calculate 
the density of population (the number of 
people per square mile) for New England. 
For each of its states. For your county. 
Your town or city, if you can find its area. 
Count the number of cities of over 100,000 
population in each state. 

The population of New England is thus 
found to be very unevenly distributed (main 
text, Fig. 21). The northern portion has 
few cities or large towns and northwestern 
Maine is wild forest land. Although the 
three southern states of the group include 
but one fourth of the area, they contain 
three fourths of the people and nearly all 
the large cities. Moreover, half the people 
are crowded in the cities of three small dis- 



tricts : (i) about Boston, (2) near the head of 
Narragansett Bay, and (3) along a belt of land 
from Holyoke to New Haven. Most other 
cities and large towns are situated along the 
rivers or on the coast. Only a small per- 
centage of the people of New England now 
live on farms or in villages, though the area 
of these is far greater than that of the cities. 
To understand why the population of 
New England is distributed as it is, we must 
likewise know its land and water , „ , 

Influence or 

forms and learn how these have physiographic 

■a J 1 i 1 1 features on 

mfluenced people to abandon distribution of 
homes in some regions and to population 
settle others densely. Recall highiandrand 
the relief features as you have 'o^'a^ds 
seen them and studied them in the main 
text (Fig. 5). 

As one travels inland from the coast of 
New England one sees hills and valleys 
everywhere. Far inland, however, the main 
valleys are deeper, and when one climbs a 
hill broad tracts of rolling country can be 
seen. This upland surface often suggests 
a plain, in contrast with the steep-sided 
valleys or with the mountains that rise 
singly or in groups above it. 

The rocks of this mountain-studded 
plateau, and the folded and broken strata, 
tell us that it is the remnant of ancient 
mountains. During long ages weathering 
and erosion have slowly worn away the 
mountain folds to a rather even surface 
sloping gently to the sea. Some districts, 
however, were of such hard rock that they 
were worn away more slowly, and now 
form rocky hills or mountains. 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 




The Boston sky-line fiom tlie Chuiles River Esplanade. 



Note the tower of 



At length the earth's crust was slowly 
uplifted again, changing the low rolling 
plain to an upland, one or two thousand 
feet above the sea in the interior of New 
England, its longer slope facing the Atlan- 
tic. The rivers, flowing swiftly once more, 
cut many deep valleys. Where the rocks 
are soft and easily worn away, the valleys 
are broad ; elsewhere they are narrow and 
have steep side slopes. The mountains 
still rise above the upland. They are ir- 
regular in form and distribution. 







^S^^S^KS^^I^" 



There the cities and towns are continuous 
or near together. Many people live in com- 
munities near the large cities, 2. surface fea- 
where railways easily penetrate J^o'tMvorabie' 
the broad, branching valleys to population 
among the low hills. Inland the railways 
must follow the valleys to obtain easy grades, 
and many small centers of population are 
grouped along these lines of communication. 
There are scattered farms and small villages 
over the southern part of the upland, while 
forests cover the higher northern districts. 
If we travel along one of the 
larger rivers, we pass many 
prosperous farms, then at in- 
tervals thriving cities. WTiy 
is the distribution of homes 
so uneven? Name the im- 
portant river nearest your 
home, and the centers of pop- 
ulation along it. 

In New England the land 
is strewn with lakes ; the clear 
water of the brooks „ „. „ , 

3. The effects 
sparkles in count- of glacial action 

upon surface 
less cascades ; and features and 

J- , , 1 . upon population 

many of the largest 




lig. 3. — " Most of the population of New England is found in the 
broad valleys and lowlands." — Note the characteristic elms. 



Most of the population of New England 
is found in the broad valleys and lowlands. 



rivers are broken by falls 

or rapids even to tidewater. 

You have already learned (main 

text, pp. 9, 10) that these are some of the 

effects of the continental glacier that once 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 




the Custom House and the dome of the State House, just to the right of the center. 



covered northern North America as deeply 
as glacial ice covers Greenland to-day. 

You have learned how the retreating glacier 
left the rock waste so unevenly distributed 
that streams were dammed and thousands 
of lakes were formed. Many streams were 
turned over low divides and tumble down 
the steeper slopes in rapids and falls. Some 
have worn small gorges similar in origin to 
the Niagara gorge. The larger rivers remain 
in their former valleys for the most part, but 
here also there are occasional falls where 
the rivers have uncovered 
ledges and removed the sands 
below them. 

As the glacier retreated, the 
rivers were overburdened with 
sediment from the melting ice ; 
and broad, sandy plains were 
formed in the valleys, the de- 
posits often being deep enough 
to cover rocky knolls. Since 
then the rivers have been able 
partly to cut away these 
plains, and as they have 
changed their courses from 
side to side, ever cutting 
deeper, terraces have been left 
to mark the different levels. 
These terraced plains form 
the beautiful elm-dotted intervales along New 
England rivers. In cutting their channels 



such rivers have happened on some ' of the 
buried ledges and have formed falls. Where 
these occur near the mouths of large rivers 
they afford valuable water power. 

From the days of the first grist mill these 
falls have been important, for the forests, 
the porous glacial soil, and the 

* ° / 4. The found- 

great natural reservoirs of the ing of cities at 

many lakes all combine to hold 

back the water of heavy rains and deliver 

it in a steady flow. Most river cities of New 

England owe their origin to this abundant 




Fig. 4. — " If we travel along one of the larger rivers, we pass many 
prosperous farms." 



water power of our open valleys, which gave a 
start to important manufacturing industries. 



UlUfafUDI 



73^ 1^ 

VERMONT and NEW HAMPSHIRE 

Physical and Political 

Scale of Milea APPROXIMATE POPULATION OF CITIES AND TOWNS "^ 

? ? ^? 'S g] 25 30 @ o^.^^ ,^0^^ @ 5.000 to 10.000 

-, . ,. 9 60,000 to lOO.Ood <D 2.500 to s.ooo 

Montpel!^ cut* Capital St. Albans County S.at ^ 25.000 to 50.000 © 1.000to2.B00 

TlRi!rt.a.l8 ^ 10.000 to 25.000 o Under 1,000 

BeecherFalls J 



HEIGHTS IN FEET 
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8 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



Questions on Fig. 6. — i. What natural ad- 
vantages favoring growth are enjoyed by the 
following cities : Manchester, Nashua, Burlington, 
Portsmouth? 2. Name and locate three towns 
famous for educational institutions. 3. Suggest 
reasons why the boundaries of counties contain 
so many angles. Compare these boundaries with 
those of counties in western states. Why the 
difference? 4. Compare routes followed by the 
railroads in these two states with important auto- 
mobile highways in the same states as shown on 
Fig. 49- 

Once farms were continuous along the valley 
terraces. Later dams and factories were built 
at the heads of rapids, and cities sprang up. 
To-day our water power is being still further 
developed and its usefulness extended by 
generating electricity. By this means power 
is carried to cities many miles away, so that 




factories and homes no longer need spring up 
only near a power site. 

Along the seacoast also, what contrasts 
we see ! On the cliffs and outer beaches of 
Cape Cod, Nantucket, and The uneven 
Martha's Vineyard are lonely distribution of 

■' ■' population 

homes of lightkeepers and life- along the 
saving stations. Along the '^°^^^ 

° ° 1. The forma- 

rugged shores farther north there tion of harbors 
are also farms and summer cottages. But 
here and there, within a river mouth or 
behind islands and headlands that afford 
shelter from storm waves, there are towns 
and cities as large or larger than those in 
the river valleys. Why are homes so un- 
evenly distributed here too? 

As you know (main text, p. 10) coasts 
have sometimes been slowly raised, changing 
the shallow ocean floor to a 
coastal plain, while other 
coasts have been depressed, 
and the ocean now covers the 
lower portions of what was 
once land. After the upland 
of New England had been 
raised and worn nearly to its 
present form, it was again de- 
pressed enough to give the 
uneven, hilly land a very 
irregular coasthne. The har- 
bors of New England are sim- 
ply drowned valleys. In fact, 
the tide flows far inland along 
the larger rivers, notably the 
Connecticut, Penobscot, and 
Kennebec. 

Since the glacial period there 
have been important changes. 
The rock waste 



Fig. 7. — "On the cliffs and outer beaches of Cape Cod, Nan- 
tucket, and Martha's Vineyard are lonely homes of lightkeepers and 
lifesaving stations." — The famous Highland Light near the northern 
tip of Cape Cod is just to the right of the bluff pictiured here. 



2. Reasons for 
taken from mOUn- some harbor- 
less coasts 

tains, upland, and 

valleys was moved along in 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



the ice toward the lower end 
of the glacier. The ice front 
long remained near the south- 
ern coast of New England, and 
the waste that was deposited 
there when the glacier melted 
formed great Hnes of irregular 
hills, called moraines. Streams 
from the glacier washed great 
quantities of gravel and sand for- 
ward and spread it out in slop- 
ing plains. Therefore Cape Cod 
and the islands south of New 
England consist of moraine hills 
and sandy plains sloping gently 
toward their southern coasts. 

The shallow branching be- 
hind the sandbars of Martha's 
Vineyard indicates a slight depression since 
glacial times, but storm waves have changed 
these outer southern coasts much more, 
cutting back points of land and building 
their sands into bars across the bays. This 
has gone so far on Nantucket that only tiny 
bay heads remain, while the ocean has worn 






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Fig. 9. — "The harbors of New England are simply drowned val 
leys." — New Haven harbor from Fort Hale Park. 



Photo by Boston & Maine R. R. 

Fig. 8. — " In New England the land is strewn with lakes." — Lake 
Winnepesaukee, New Hampshire. 

back Cape Cod so deeply as to form cliffs in 
the moraine hills. Their waste has been 
swept northward to build the hooked spit 
at Provincetown, with its drifting sand dunes, 
and southward to form Monomoy Island, a 
barren sandbar. These wave-worn outer 
coasts are dangerous to shipping during 
storms, and attract few sum- 
mer residents for the same 
reason, lack of harbors. A 
canal from Buzzards Bay to 
Cape Cod Bay, under national 
control, saves coasting vessels 
from the necessity for passing 
east of Cape Cod and handles 
a greater tonnage than the 
Suez Canal. 

The waves have not yet 
been able to wear away the 
tough granites of Cape Ann 
and eastern Maine, but sands 
and pebbles have been swept 
into coves to form pocket 
beaches. From Plum Island, 




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Fig. ID 



MASSACHUSETTS 
and RHODE ISLAND 

Physical and Political 



Scale of Miles 
,i, ^ t.jL.- i ^l^>-e,^,r i Boston Sut.c.ph.1 Barnstable County s... 




Fig. 10 






12 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 




Fig. II. — "A canal from Buzzards Bay to Cape Cod Bay saves coasting vessels the necessity for 

passing east of Cape Cod." 



Questions on Fig. lo. — i. Why is Boston the 
only city named in the rectangle on the main map 
bounded by dotted lines? What feature in this 
rectangle indicates the proximity of large cities to 
one another in the vicinity of Boston? 2. How 
do the elevations of Cape Cod agree with the state- 
ment of the way in which that cape was formed? 
3. What is the only section of Massachusetts that 
could be called mountainous ? What effect has the 
topography upon transportation routes and the 
absence of large cities? By use of the scale and 
the indications of population of cities and towns, 
find the number of cities and towns containing 
more than 25,000 people within a radius of twenty 
miles of Boston ; of Providence ; of Springfield ; of 
North Adams. 4. What are the advantages of 
Boston, Gloucester, and Provincetown for trade in 
fish? Why have not New Bedford, Newport, and 
Fall River, other seaports, equal or greater advan- 
tages? 5. From a study of the text, explain the 
infrequency of railroads in western Rhode Island 
and in Plymouth County, Massachusetts. 



Massachusetts, to Casco Bay abundant 
sands have been formed into curving barrier 



beaches, and alongshore currents keep a bar 
across the mouth of the Merrimac that shuts 
out larger vessels. (Which beaches are the 
more frequented shore resorts?) In the 
protected lagoons behind the sandbars, and 
within shallow harbors, the waste brought 
by rivers and currents has been built up 
into grassy salt marshes. 

Although the coast of Maine has been 
raised somewhat since glacial times, sufficient 
time has not elapsed since its ele- 

3. The harbors 

vation to smooth over with waste of the Maine 
the irregular sea bottom offshore. 
East of Portland numerous rocky islands 
and headlands separate navigable channels 
and bays with their many sheltered harbors. 
There is no single explanation for the 
grouping of population in coast cities. The 
early settlers preferred homes „ 

Reasons for 

near the coast. Here there was the growth of 
abundant fish for food and for "*'®^ 
export when salted. Before roads could 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



13 



be made ships built at every 
harbor gave ready communi- 
cation with other colonies and 
Europe. And Indian warfare 
made settlements far from the 
coast dangerous. In recent 
years the coast cities have 
increased most rapidly in 
population. Fishing is still 
the mainstay of Gloucester 
and Provincetown at the ends 
of the capes. Commerce with 
both European and American 
ports is of prime importance 
to-day at Boston, on the inner 
end of the submerged portion '^" " 

of the Boston basin, and continues at Prov- 
idence and New Haven, similarly situated 
on the other two lowlands. 

The coast cities, however, like the valley 
cities, have grown chiefly because of their 
manufacturing. Some, like Fall River and 
Biddeford, had water power adjoining a 
harbor and established textile mills a century 
ago. When steam power came into use, 
factories were built in many seaport cities, 
since coal was cheapest where it could be 
brought by water from harbors toward the 
southwest. At someharbors, therefore, manu- 
facturing replaced fisheries, as at New Bed- 




Harkness Quadrangle, Yale University, New Haven. 

Why is New England so densely popu- 
lated ? — Forms of land and water control 
the distribution of population Because of the 
within New England. CUmate favorable cii- 
is more uniform and influences 
the mode of life and density of population 
similarly in all six states. We must 
study our climate and judge its effects. 
What do you already know of our seasons, 
temperatures, winds, and rainfall from your 
own observation ? From past study ? Does 
our cHmate favor agriculture, manufacturing, 
or other occupations? 

New England is midway between the 



ford, or commerce, as at Bridgeport, and equator and the north pole, not so far north 

it greatly aided the growth of Boston that its harbors are closed by ice in wanter 

and other commercial centers. Many hun- nor so far south that the climate lessens the 

dreds of workers came from upland farms vigor of its people (main text, p. 24). Since 

and shore villages and thousands from the westerly winds bring the extreme tem- 

other countries, finding work in the new peratures of the interior (main text, p. 240), 

factories near the harbors. Coast cities New England winters are severe ; but the 



continue to grow, for they are still fa- 
vored by ocean transportation, and now 
power from inland waterfalls is brought by 
wire to Portland and other distant coast 
cities. 



summers are warm enough for the growth 
of all fruits, vegetables, and grains of cool 
temperate lands. In summer the sun is 
high in the sky at noon and the con- 
trasts between day and night are marked. 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



IS 



Questions on Fig. 13. — i. Why is there no large 
city at the mouth of the Connecticut River? 
2. Which cities of Connecticut of more than 25,000 
population appear to depend for their importance 
upon advantages for transportation? 3. Criti- 
cize the accuracy of a statement that all the im- 
portant cities of Connecticut are less 
than 500 feet above sea level. If 
there are exceptions, name them. 
4. What effect does the altitude 
of northwestern Connecticut have 
upon the distribution of population ? 



which reaches Cape Cod — a bUzzard with 
driving snow, strewing the coast with wreck- 
age. As a storm passes out to sea the pre- 
vailing northwest winds of winter bring the 
clear skies of a cold wave, with the mercury 



While the days are some- 
times intensely hot — except 
near the coast, where refresh- 
ing sea breezes are felt — 
the nights are usually com- 
fortable. 

The region is in the path 
of cyclonic storms from the 
west, and is occasionally 
reached by hurricanes from the 
West Indies. Southeast winds 
from the Gulf Stream bring 
winter rains as they rise over the upland. 
Such a wind may change to a cold " north- 
easter " from over the Labrador Current, 




Fig. 14. — " New England winters are severe." 
Brattleboro, Vermont. 



-Winter sports at 




Courtesy Anurlcnn AurieuUural Clicniicai Co. 

Fig. 15. " The summers are warm enough for the growth of all 
fruits, vegetables, and grains of cool temperate lands." — Growth of 
corn stimulated by commercial fertilizer. 



often well below zero on the uplands. Then 
southwest winds, in advance of another 
area of low pressure, may change the snow 
of southern New England to 
the slush of a " January thaw." 
Similarly the frosts of clear 
nights in spring and fall occur 
during periods of northwest 
winds, and the hot spells of 
summer are due to prevailing 
.^outhwest winds. 

Our cHmate, then, is charac- 
terized not only by great sea- 
sonal differences but also by 
weather changes every few 
days, with disagreeable storms 
from autumn to spring. Such 
changeable weather, however, 



i6 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



seems to make the white race vigorous and 
successful. The storms from fall to spring 
bring abundant rainfall to all New England, 
although the most rain and snow fall on 
the mountains and more fall near the coast 
than on inland valleys. While storms with 
heavy rainfall are uncommon in summer, 
thunder showers occur then and serve to 
distribute rainfall throughout the year, thus 
favoring agriculture and all industries using 
water power. 

When the cause of popular liberty seemed 
hopeless in Europe three centuries ago, 
Because of the many people were ready to 
threari" kn- leave the rule of king and bishop 
migrants in England to found a new home 

in America. Despite great hardships the 
little band of Pilgrims proved success pos- 
sible by settling Plymouth. As matters 
grew rapidly worse in England, Puritan 
leaders secured a royal charter to plant a 
colony on Massachusetts Bay. Thereupon 




Fig. i6. — Memorial over Plymouth Rock, where the 
Pilgrims landed. 

over twenty-five thousand people came to 
southern New England within ten years, 
settling first aljout Salem and Boston. 
Then the movement nearly ceased because 



new hope arose of gaining freedom in Eng- 
land. 

These settlers were all English, with ex- 
ception of a very few Scotch Presbyterians 
and French Huguenots who came later, 



,LiLii 





Fig. 17. — Pilgrims' Monument at Province- 
town, Massachusetts. 

and they continued for a century and a half 
to multipl}^ and to possess the land without 
the intervention of others. No other sec- 
tion of our country has thus been settled 
by a large body of distinctively English 
people of the middle classes. 

The movement of so many people to a 
land of savages in the little ships of those 
times was really wonderful, and because of 
the hardships to be endured only the more 
determined and vigorous left their homes. 
Accordingly the i)eople of New England 
have been a distinct type in American life, 
even as the land is a distinct surface divi- 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



17 



sion. Their energy, love of education, and 
habit of local self-government have been 
carried by their children westward through 
all the northern states of the Union. Doubt- 
less their enterprise has been one reason 
for the widespread settlement of New Eng- 
land and the growth of so many thriving 
towns and populous cities. 

In England the upper classes owned great 
estates, while many common folk were not 
Because of the landowners. So every family 
meirt oTthe °^ colonists was eager to own a 
upland farms home farm. Here there was 
land for all and every family needed land 
whereon to grow food. Most of the early 
villages were scattered along the coast and 
upon the fertile terraces of the Connecti- 
cut Valley, where they could communicate 
with one another by water. The families 
that gathered before the great fireplaces of 
the early homesteads were large, and as the 
children married they moved inland and 
took up new lands. This movement was 
checked by the long and bloody struggle 



of King Philip's War, and made dangerous 
and slow thereafter by French and Indian 
attacks from the north during the Colonial 
wars. After Queen Anne's War, however, 
farms were pushed outward over the up- 
lands of southern New England, and early 
in the nineteenth century the frontier had 
reached the Canadian border of Vermont 
and the great forest belt of the White Moun- 
tains and Maine. 

New England life changed slowly during 
the two pioneer centuries. As settlers car- 
ried the frontier forward they cleared the 
forest, piled the bowlders into stone walls, 
and raised on their farms the necessities of 
life, including grain and meat, which are 
now brought from the West. Travel was 
difhcult over the poor roads, so every com- 
munity depended on itself and every farmer 
was an independent manufacturer. He 
built his own house, fashioned rude furni- 
ture, raised wool and flax for homespun 
clothing, made his own soap and candles, 
and in many cases made his own shoes from 




Fig. 18. — A prosperous New England farm in winter. 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



hides tanned with hemlock bark ; in fact, 
he met all the necessities of shelter, food, 
and clothing. There was hard work for all 
the household save on the day of strict 
Sabbath rest ; even the amusements were 
neighborhood gatherings for house raisings 
and corn huskings, spinning bees or quilt- 
ing bees. While this movement to the 
frontier continued, no large towns could de- 
velop, and in 1800 Boston was the only town 
as large as the smaller cities of Massachusetts 
to-day. 

The tide of human occupation had hardly 
risen over the uplands to the mountain 
slopes when it began slowly to recede. 
There were lands of greater fertility and 
easier tillage in New York and the prairies 
beyond, and many sought new homes west- 
ward. The older towns had long passed 
the frontier stage, and their growing pros- 
perity called for goods from over the seas. 
This led many young men of enterprise and 



ability to leave the quiet, plodding life of 
the farm to seek the opportunities of a grow- 
ing commerce in the stirring seaport towns. 
For the past century there has been little 
further clearing of the land for farms ex- 
cept in the valleys of Aroostook County 
along the northeastern border of Maine. 

Commerce with Europe had been neces- 
sary to meet some wants from the first. 
At every river mouth and har- , . 

C6CalI56 or llS 

bor in Colonial times little ves- early maritime 
sels were built from timber '°'"™^'''^« 
cut near by. These craft carried fish, lum- 
ber, and surplus farm products to England, 
southern Europe, and the West Indies. 
After independence gave freedom from the 
EngHsh Navigation Acts, voyages were ex- 
tended to China and the East Indies, and 
manufactured goods and tropical products 
were brought home. 

The farmers and villagers took their prod- 
ucts to the nearest ports because only 




Fig. 19. — "Providence once had a larger fleet than New York. 

steamers docked at Providence. 



-- > 

Courtesy Providence Chamber of Commerce 

— Transatlantic and coastwise 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



19 



rough roads connected the .harbors with 
interior places. Many coast towns therefore 
shared the commerce and grew rich on its 
profits. From the more remote uplands the 
farmers made annual trips with heavily laden 
wagons to the larger ports, returning with 
lighter loads of goods purchased from the 
merchants. Before the War of 181 2 Salem 
was the second town in New England, with 
more shipping than any other 
port of the nation. In those 
days Providence had a larger 
fleet than New York, and 
Portland long maintained a 
more extensive trade with the 
West Indies than either Bos- 
ton or New York. Middle- 
town, the central port of Con- 
necticut, was once its largest 
town. 

Conditions changed. As 
ships increased in size, only 
the deeper harbors could be 
used extensively. When New 
England master builders de- 
veloped the type of clipper- 
ships, which surpassed in speed 
the vessels of other nations, 
the United States gained a large 
share of the carrying trade of 
the world. (A class committee 
should report on the wonder- 
ful voyages of clipper ships.) 
The increase of population and production 
in the interior demanded better means of 
transportation between inland towns and 
the seaports than the roads afforded. Many 
canals were planned and two were built, 
one from Lowell to Boston, another from 
Northampton to New Haven, but they 
were long ago abandoned because of the 
invention of the steam engine. In time 



railroads were built to all parts of New 
England, radiating from a few harbors, 
and the less favorably situated ports lost 
their commercial importance. Moreover, 
iron steamships replaced the wooden ships 
destroyed in our Civil War. Saihng ves- 
sels are delayed by unfavorable winds ; 
steam power makes possible the profits 
from regular trips. Lines of steamers now 




SCALE OF MILES 



Fig. 20. — Colonial New England. 

connect a few ports, like Portland and Provi- 
dence, with other continents ; but the for- 
eign commerce of New England at the 
present day is mainly carried on from 
Boston and from New York, whence ship- 
ments may be made promptly to all the 
world. 

Thus commerce started the movement 
from country to city and built up many 



20 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 




Fig. 21. — Old Ironsides, at Chailestown, 
Mass. 

coast towns ; then it so developed that it 
centered growth at a few seaports and mainly 
in Boston. Our commerce, then, is one 
reason for a denser population in New Eng- 
land than that of the pioneer farmers and 
fishermen. 

In colonial times England 
restricted the manufacture of 
goods in America in order 

, ., that she might 
Because of its ° 

early start in compel the pur- 

manufacturing ^j^^^^ ^^ j^^^. ^^^,^ 

products. But when the Rev- 
olution secured industrial 
freedom New England used 
the wealth gained in com- 
merce to erect other factories 
than the early saw and grist 
mills. Many hands were 
needed to care for the ma- 
chinery, so movement from 
the uplands to homes in the 
valleys greatly increased. 



The Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 
181 2 checked our commerce, and the con- 
sequent lack of manufactured goods led 
merchants to invest their idle capital in 
manufacturing. Water rights were secured 
at the falls of our large rivers, and dams 
were built. Rows of factories and streets of 
tenements soon followed. Thus the cities of 
Lowell, Lawrence, Manchester, Lewiston, and 
Holyoke sprang into existence. 

As the use of steam power increased, many 
cities that were able to obtain coal cheaply 
by water replaced their failing commerce by 
manufacturing interests. Salem, New Bed- 
ford, Providence, New Haven, and Bridge- 
port are prominent cities of this type. In- 
troduction of steam aided the towns, such 
as Hartford, Taunton, and Haverhill, that 
had developed at the limit of navigation on 
rivers. It was likewise of advantage to those 
whose situation beside falls close to tidewater 
had from the first combined cheap water 
power and facility for importing raw ma- 
terials. Illustrations of this class are Augusta, 




Fig. 22. — " Introduction of steam was of advantage to towns beside 
falls close to tidewater." — Mills at Biddeford and Saco, Maine. 



TTTE CEOnRAPIIV OF NEW ENGLAND 



21 



Brunswick, Biddeford, Saco, Dover, Fall 
River, Pawtucket, and Norwicli. 

The new industrial conditions, whereby 

goods were manufactured in city factories 

c -^ instead of in farm homes, de- 

Because of its 

network of manded railroads to bring foods 
railroads ^^^ ^^^^ materials to the busy 

growing cities, and to remove their products 
to market. Therefore railroads were ex- 
tended inland along the valleys. The Berk- 
shire upland was crossed by one line, through 
Pittsfield, and a tunnel under Hoosac Moun- 
tain made way for trains from the Deerfield 
Valley to that of the Hoosac River at North 
Adams. These railroads have contributed 
largely to the growth of Boston, for grain 
and other western products have formed the 
bulk of steamer cargoes thence for Europe. 
Notice on the state maps how these and other 
lines follow the valleys for gentle grades. 

For economy and ease of working, in- 
dependent connecting railroads were soon 
combined into through lines, and competing 
lines were later formed into great railroad 
systems. The Boston and 
Maine system covers most of 
northern New England ; the 
New York, New Haven, and 
Hartford serves southern New 
England. The Boston and 
Albany and the Rutland Road 
are part of the New York 
Central system. The Grand 
Trunk system connects Port- 
land with Canada and the 
West, and reaches deep water 
at New London over the Cen- 
tral Vermont line. 

This network of steel rails, 
closely meshed over the 
southern coastal region and 
threading the interior valleys. 



has strongly influenced the distribution of 
homes. Many of the first upland roads and 
villages were on hilltop clearings rather than 
in the swampy forest tangles of the valleys. 
After better highways were built in the 
valleys, followed by railroads, the hill towns 
lost population, while manufacturing and 
trading cities developed along the main rail- 
road lines. Worcester and Springfield are the 
best examples of those favored by numerous 
railway connections. A few railroad towns, 
like New Britain and Meriden, have become 
thriving cities because the special business 
talent of their citizens developed their ad- 
vantages. Many of these cities are aided 
to-day by transmission of water power by 
wire. 

Cities and denser population are found 
where railroads and highways are numer- 
ous. (See state maps.) When our rail- 
roads were first built there were already 
many homes in the lowlands and valleys, 
and rails were laid along their easy grades 
to serve those living there. The facilities 




' 'Hirtffiij Uosl'tn Chamhcr of Commtrcc 

Fig. 23. — South Station, Boston. More people pass through this 
station each day than through any other in the world except Charing 
Cross Station, London. 



22 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



for trade thus afforded factories and farms 
brought prosperity and led others from the 
uplands and from abroad to seek work and 
homes in valley towns and cities as well as 
at the better harbors. Under pioneer con- 
ditions New England could support no more 
homes than those it could supply with food 
from its lands in tillage. With, the devel- 
opment of manufacturing, and of commerce 
by steamship hues and railroads, population 
may increase to as many homes as the wealth 
produced by manufacturing can supply, 
through trade, with food and other needs 
drawn from the fields of all states and 
countries. While the industrial develop- 
ment of cities has drawn youth away from 
the upland towns, it supplies a near-by city 
market for farm products, and so tends to 
maintain a denser population throughout 
New England. 

New England's leadership in manufactur- 
ing. — Why does New England lead the 
United States in manufacturing ? The indus- 
trial history of your home city may help to 



answer this question. Divide the search 
among several small committees. One may 
examine local histories in the public library ; 
others may interview the secretary of the 
Chamber of Commerce, leaders in the indus- 
tries, members of the historical society. 
What do local factories produce ? When did 
these industries start? Why? What lo- 
cal advantages explain their development? 
What reasons for New England's industrial 
success are thus suggested? What reasons 
are evident from the study of previous prob- 
lems? With this basis we may best solve 
our third problem by seeking to answer the 
question for each main manufacturing in- 
dustry. 

Cotton mills built in the South since the 
Civil War make much cloth. They use 
water power, and are situated „,. 

^ why are tex- 

beside the cotton fields. Yet tiles manufac- 



textiie i"i'''.r:.'!''i 

the — 



raw ma- 
terials are not 
produced ? 




Courtesy American ^Voolen Co. 

Fig. 24. — Carding wool at Lawrence, Massachusetts. 



New England is the 

center, making the most and 

best cloths. Over a tenth of 

the world's spindles for cotton and wool 
manufacture are here. To 
understand this we must learn 
the history of cloth manufac- 
ture in America. 

Fish and lumber were long 
the basis for a commerce that 
enriched the coast 1. How the 

, J- -NT T-' manufacture of 

towns of New Eng- cloth started in 

land, but agricul- ^°'°"'*' ''°'"*^ 
ture yielded no staple product 
for sale abroad in exchange 
for manufactures. The cold 
winters required warm cloth- 
ing, however, and gave lei- 
sure for its manufacture ; 
so the farmers raised flax 
and kept flocks of sheep to 
provide materials for their 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



23 



" linsey-woolsey " suits. The sheep were 
washed and their fleeces sheared by the men, 
while the women used rude brushes with wire 
teeth, called cards, to comb out the tangled 
wool for spinning. Perhaps you have seen 
an old spinning wheel by whose swiftly 
turning spindle fiber has been twisted into 
yarn, or spun, as the wool was slowly drawn 
out to the right size between thumb and 
finger. During long winter evenings the 
homespun cloth was woven on heavy 
wooden looms. It was then fulled or soaped 
and worked with the hands until the fibers 
were thoroughly matted together, making 
the cloth thick and warm. 

This necessary household industry devel- 
oped slowly. Laws compelled each family 
to spin its share of yarn. In some villages 
skilled weavers wove cloth to order or went 
from house to house plying their trade. Little 
mills were built 
where farmers 
could have wool 
carded and cloth 
fulled. The 
Revolution re- 
moved the Eng- 
lish restrictions 
upon the manu- 
facture of cloth 
for sale in America, but new inventions in 
England enabled cotton or wool to be spun 
there rapidly and cheaply on machines bear- 
ing many spindles and driven by water power. 
Soon cloth was woven on power looms. 
English law strictly forbade exportation of 
textile machinery or of any drawings or 
descriptions of the machines. So the small 
American factories that were started could 
not make cloth as cheaply as it could be 
imported. 

At about the time the cotton gin was in- 



vented several skilled English mechanics came 
to New England and built spinning and weav- 
ing machinery like that familiar 2. How great 
to them. The most famous '°"r«^i^' 

were estab- 

was Samuel Slater, who started ^^^^^ 
successful mills in Rhode Island, with the aid 
of Pawtucket capitalists, when American cot- 
ton was first becoming available. Young men 
who had been trained with him established 
mills of their own at the many falls of the 
Blackstone, Pawtucket, and Quinebaug rivers, 
for the War of 181 2 prevented the impor- 
tation of cloth. They started with small 
mills and gave close attention to the work, 
so fine grades of yarn were produced and 
some mills made a specialty of certain kinds 
of cloth. These characteristics are still true 
of that section. 

When the War of 18 12 checked commerce, 
Boston merchants invested their money in 




Courtesy American Optical Co. 

Fig. 25. — A typical New England factory. Here eyeglasses are made. 



manufacturing. A mill at Waltham having 
proved successful, Boston capital built dams 
and mills at Lowell, Manchester, Lawrence, 
Nashua, Biddeford, and Lewiston. 

Fall River is an illustration of cities where 
local capital has developed industr3^ The 
water from ponds on the upland rim of the 
Narragansett basin here descends in falls to 
tide level, and cotton mills were built early 
in the last century. The moist climate favors 
cotton spinning. The profits from the first 
mills were invested in others driven by steam 



24 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



power, making Fall River the leading cotton 
city of America. 

Cotton manufacture in New Bedford and 
Taunton has had a similar history. New 
Bedford was once famous as the leading port 
for whaling. The capital gained thereby 
was used for the first great mills. The city 
has recently increased its mills and their 




courtesy Sinilh find I'ltrc MJ\j- i'a 

Fig. 26. — Cotton thread mills at Andover, Massachusetts. 

output faster than any other in New England 
until it now rivals Fall River. It excels 
in the production of finer grades of cloth 
for dress goods. Adams and North Adams 
form an inland center of independent devel- 
opment where cotton mills have multiplied. 
Conditions have changed. The tariff gave 
continued protection for American facto- 
3 The devei ^^^^ from English competition, 
opment of cot- Gradually American invention 

ton, linen, and 

sukmanufac- improved tc.xtile machmery 
until it is superior to foreign 
patterns in some lines, and American cloths 
are now sold in many markets of the world. 
This development required many workmen, 



and when famine in Ireland led scores of 
thousands of its people to New England 
many found work in the mills. After the 
Civil War many French Canadians came to 
the textile mills of our cities, and many others 
from Great Britain. In recent years their 
places are being taken by immigrants from 
eastern and southern Europe. Employers 
and employees have become 
separate classes of people. 

Finer textiles are produced 
in New England mills than 
formerly. Plain sheetings and 
shirtings have been their most 
common product, although 
nearly as much print cloth is 
woven. This print cloth, for 
calico, is printed in colors with 
engraved rolls, somewhat as 
paper is printed by a rotary 
printing press. For other 
goods, such as ginghams, the 
yarn is dyed, and is then 
woven in stripes or checks. 
With the growth of cotton mills 
through the Southern States, 
where the coarser yarns 
and cloths are produced near the cotton fields, 
Northern manufacturers began to turn their 
attention more and more to the finer grades 
of cloth and to mixtures of cotton with 
wool or silk that were formerly imported. 
In order that the industry may be further 
improved, textile schools have been es- 
tablished with state aid at Lowell, New 
Bedford, and Fall River, to train young men 
for leading positions in all departments. 

There have been changes in mills and 
machinery. In England there are separate 
mills for spinning, weaving, dyeing, and 
finishing, for each process was a separate 
trade before factories were built. And in 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



25 



ufacture centers at Paterson, New Jersey, 
but much silk cloth is also woven at the 
large Cheney mills in South Manchester, 
near Hartford. The greater part of the 
American sewing and machine silk and floss 
and embroidery silks is made in New Eng- 
land, the largest mills being in North- 
ampton. 

Most woolen mills are smaller than cotton 
mills and more widely scattered, many being 
in towns along the smaller rivers. 

. *■ The de- 

This is natural, since they were veiopment of 

, , , . , , , ,, woolen mills 

developed from the many full- 
ing and carding mills that added ma- 
chines for spinning and weaving. In days 
when communication was difificult the abun- 
dant small power sites were of much value 
for supplying local needs. Berkshire, where 
many sheep were formerly raised, was then 
the leading county of Massachusetts for 



New England there are some mills which 
spin yarn for sale to mills that do not pro- 
duce enough for their own looms ; and 
while some cotton mills finish their own 
cloth, others send their sheetings to bleach- 
eries. In a few textile cities there are mills 
which do nothing but dye, print, or finish 
cloth for others. But American textile mills 
usually perform all the many processes 
necessary to change the cotton and wool 
to cloth ready for use. Sharp competition 
has compelled constant effort to cheapen 
manufacture. This has stimulated inven- 
tion, and old machines have been discarded 
for swifter and better ones repeatedly. 
Likewise small mills have given way to 
larger because in the larger mills cloth is 
woven more economically. There are now 
fewer cotton mills than a half century ago, 
yet more cotton cloth is produced. 

There are other textile prod- 
ucts which have local im- 
portance in New England. 
The difficult task of making 
strong cotton thread for sew- 
ing machines was first accom- 
plished in America at Wil- 
limantic. Now well-known 
brands are also made at Hol- 
yoke, where the abundant 
water power is used both by 
cotton and by woolen mills. 
Although flax is no longer 
grown in New England it is 
imported for a few mills that 
make linen shoe thread and 
twines. Many mills are en- 
gaged in the knitting of un- 
derwear, hosiery, and gloves. 

Some are in the Merrimac Val- ^ rmfi^rAmmrnn wnnunc, 

ley from Lowell north to Fig; 27- -'' English mechanics came to New England and built 

-^ . . spmmng and weavmg machmery like that familiar to them. — An 

Laconia. American silk man- example of the English spinning frame. 




26 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 




CouTtesy American Wonhn C/i 

Fig. 28. - " For woolen fabrics the wool is carefully sorted into 
different grades." — Sorting Australian wool. 



woolen factories. Pittsfield is still a cen- 
ter for woolens. The industry has pros- 
pered in recent years, especially in northern 
New England. Many mills 
are now owned and run by 
one great corporation, the 
American Woolen Company. 
Cloths from wool are of two 
kinds, ivoolens and worsteds. 
For woolen fabrics the wool 
is carefully sorted into dif- 
ferent grades, then washed 
and passed through a bur 
picker, whence it is blown as 
light flecks of clean fiber, 
ready for bleaching and dye- 
ing. It is passed through 
three carding machines and is 
then spun into a loose, weak, 
fuzzy yarn of tangled fibers. 
Cloth is loosely woven from 
this and fulled to close the 



meshes. For worsted cloth the 
wool is passed through a deli- 
cate machine called a comb, 
which removes the shortest 
fibers and lays longer ones 
parallel. Then a strong, 
closely twisted, smooth, hard 
yarn is spun, and this is closely 
woven into a cloth with a hard 
surface that needs no fulling. 
After a tariff was placed on 
worsted cloth during the Civil 
War, its manufacture devel- 
oped in America. Like cotton 
manufacturing, production is 
centered in the large mills of 
cities, because when it was first 
started it was necessary to im- 
port costly machinery and to 
bring skilled workmen from 
abroad. Lawrence and Providence lead in 
worsted manufacture ; but worsted goods are 
produced extensively in Lowell, Manchester, 




Fig. 29. 



Courtesy Amcrit .in u\'n/,it Co. 

" The wool is passed through a delicate machine called 
a comb." 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



27 



Woonsocket, and Fitchburg. The industry 
is established in smaller places also, since 
worsted machinery is now made in New 
England. 

The manufacture of woolen carpets is im- 
portant in America, where the prosperity of the 
people causes a large demand for floor cover- 
ings. Although the mills of New England 
manufacture but a fifth of the carpets made 
in the United States, and the great centers of 
carpet weaving are at Philadelphia and nerr 
New York, carpet looms which have proved 
the best in the world were invented in Mas- 
sachusetts. The carpet mill at Clinton is the 
largest in the world, and there are other 
mills located at Lowell, Boston, Worcester, 
and Thompsonville, a village north of Hart- 
ford. These mills produce most of the more 
costly carpets made in the country, such as 
Axminsters, Wiltons, and Brussels. 

Manufacture of leather also had its origin 
in Colonial homes. There were tanners and 
shoemakers among the early 
colonists. In nearly every town 
there was once a tannery, where 
the hides taken from the cattle 
killed for food were converted 
The hides soaked 
for months in the tan vats 
between layers of crushed bark, 
oak or hemlock, until the tannin in the 
water changed the hides to tough leather 
which would not decay. When soft leather 
was needed, thinner hides were also oiled 
and worked until pliable. 

Since it was cheaper to take the hides to 
the forests than to transport the bark, the 
only remaining New England tannery of 
sole leather is among the hemlock forests 
of eastern Maine. Light upper leather 
which requires in its manufacture less tan- 
nin but more skill is made near the leather 



Why does 

New England 

lead in the 

manufacture 

of shoes? 

1. Because of 

its continued •.1.1 

facilities for the mto leather 

manufacture of 
" upper " leather 




Courtesy American Woolen Co. 



Fig. 30.- 



" This is closely woven into a cloth." — 
Weaving woolen fabric. 



market of Boston. Research and inven- 
tion have suppUed this industry also with 
better processes and improved machinery. 
In place of tannic acid from bark, chemical 
baths are now used to tan morocco and 
similar leathers. Many new factories in 
Peabody, which tan for leather nearly half 
the sheepskins used in America, warrant its 
claim to the name " The Leather City." 
Much leather is tanned near by in Lynn, 
Salem, and Woburn. 

When not busy with farm work the early 
shoemakers made shoes for their ^ Because of 
neighbors or went from house the early start 

. .of the shoe- 

to house plying their craft, makers' trade 

Seated on a low bench tlie lone '" *" "^*" 
workman cut, sewed, and hammered with 



28 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



rude tools, like those used a 
thousand years before in 
Europe. Pieces of thin 
leather were cut, then sewed 
together to form the upper ; 
this was turned inside out, 
fitted over the wooden last 
or model of the foot, and 
tacked to the thick sole. 
The shoe was held on the 
knee by a strap passing un- 
der the foot while the upper 
and sole were sewed together, 
an awl being used to make a 
path through the pieces of 
stout leather for the slender 
needles. 

A century ago master shoe- 
makers had tiny shops 
where two or three workmen aided them in 
making up lots of shoes which were after- 
ward carried to Boston for sale. At a 
somewhat later time it was the custom to 





(.'oiirlcsy Slelson .sfi'^f Co 

Fig. 32. — "Expert judgment is needed to cut costly leather to 

advantage." 



( 'ntirh '!j liuslun Chamber of Commerce 

Fig. 31. — Boston is a great leather market. 



fit up large central rooms for cutting the 
leather into all the necessary parts for shoes. 
These were then made into bundles, which 
were given out at Lynn and other centers 
to surrounding shops or sent 
to country towns of eastern 
Massachusetts and even into 
Maine. In the homes the up- 
pers were sewed by women 
and the heavy work on soles 
was done by men. The fin- 
ished shoes were returned to 
the cutting rooms ready for 
sale. This system lasted 
until about the year i860 and 
persisted thereafter in the 
manufacture of hand-sewed 
shoes. 

When the sewing machine 
was invented, the stitching of 
the uppers was transferred 
to the same building as the 
cutting room. Then came a 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



29 



machine which could sew on 

the sole, and the shoe factory 

replaced little 

3. Because of ' 

conditions favor- sllOe shoDS. Ma- 

ing the establish- 

ment of many chincs have been 
shoe factories ^dded to perform 

every step of the work, even 
to cutting the parts of the 
upper. Expert judgment is 
needed to cut costly leather 
to advantage, however, so 
handwork in shoe cutting is 
still the rule. New England 
men and machines make 
better shoes at less cost than 
are made in other lands, hence our large 
export trade in both shoes and shoe ma- 
chinery. 

Shoes were made near Boston in early 
Colonial times, where the success of the indus- 
try brought expert shoemakers from England. 
Some who were skilled in making women's 
shoes settled at Lynn, and after the Revo- 
lution French shoemakers, who could make 
the best women's shoes, were brought there 
from Paris. The making of men's shoes 
was estabHshed in towns south of Boston. 




Co'iT.'fsp Boston ChambiT u] < ummcTce 



Fig- 33- — A shoe factory in Boston. 

Each section has ever since maintained its 
specialty. The early factories were small 
and many were scattered through the dis- 
tricts where shoes had been made under 
the old system, to take advantage of the skill 
of the country shoemakers. Since shoe ma- 
chinery did not come into use until after 
steam had largely replaced water power, 
great factories were not erected at new cities 
beside rivers but in the leading shoe cities, 
where skilled labor to operate the various 
machines could be obtained more readily. 




Courtcsu I'nUfd Shoe .\facMnery Corporation 



Fig- 34 — The plant of the United Shoe Machinery Corporation, Beverly. 



3° 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 




Courtesy Hood Rubber Co.. Inc. 



Fig- 35- 



" There are large rubber factories near Boston." — The plant of the Hood Rubber Company 

at Watertown, Mass. 



facture of rub 
ber boots and 
shoes 



Although there are shoe factories in some 
one hundred fifty towns of Massachusetts, 
New Hampshire, and Maine, and a few in 
the other New England states, over two 
thirds of the product comes from Brockton, 
Lynn, and Haverhill, and the cities and towns 
near them. 

A natural offshoot from this factory indus- 
try in making leather shoes is that of making 
4. The manu- overshoes and boots of rubber. 
Since the discovery by Good- 
year that rubber may be vul- 
canized — that is, heated in combination 
with sulphur so as to remain hard and durable 
— it has been made into a variety of articles 
and fabrics in New England factories. There 
are large rubber factories at Maiden and 
Chelsea, near Boston, at Woonsocket, and 
at New Haven. (A class committee should 
report upon Goodyear's discovery and its 
results.) 

Some metals have been mined in New Eng- 
land, notably iron. Water soaking through 
the glacial soils dissolved much iron, which ^ 
collected in rusty deposits in many springs^ 
ponds, and swamps. This inferior bog iron 
ore may still be dug from swamps or dredged 



from pond bottoms. Groups of pioneer 
farmers established rude forges where the 
iron was melted with charcoal ^j^ ^^^^ 
fires and either cast into such metal manu- 

, . , 1 , , 1 1 factures flour- 

articles. as kettles and cannon j^jjgj ^ j^g^ 
or roughly hammered into bar England? 

T 1 • 1. How iron 

iron. In many a chimney corner manufactures 
was a little forge which was kept ='"**'* 
busy during the evenings while father and 
sons hammered out nails from iron rods. 

During the second century of coloniza- 
tion richer ores were opened up in the Berk- 
shires, and pig iron good enough to be used 
for edged tools was produced in furnaces. 
Though the iron for the Monitor came from 
near Mount Greylock in Massachusetts, 
the development of still richer mines in Penn- 
sylvania and the West long ago led to the 
closing of most of the iron mines and furnaces 
in New England. No large mills for rolling 
iron bars and plates from pig iron can be 
maintained in New England in competition 
i^ith the mills of Pennsylvania. 

The extensive manufactures of metals in 
New England are in part direct outgrowths 
of early industries. For instance, while most 
nails are now made near the iron mines, over 



THE GKOCiRAPIIY OF NFAV ENGLAND 



31 



half the tacks of the country 
are still manufactured at Fair- 
2. The types of havcu and other 

metal industry 1 j^^ SOUthcm 

that are now t" 

profitable Massachusctts. 

Stove foundries were earh' 
estabhshed to meet a need of 
the climate, and they still 
flourish. Silverware was made 
in the Colonies ; Paul Revere 
was a famous silversmith, 
and to-day there are prosper- 
ous corporations in southern 
New England making silver- 
ware. The early invention 
and application of a method 
of gold plating at Providence 
has led to the extensive manu- 
facture of jewelry and silver- 
ware there and in near-by towns. Wooden 
clocks were made in Colonial times, and now 
American-made watches, of highest quality 
from Waltham and of lowest price from 
Waterbury, are sold everywhere. 

A century ago brass buttons were made in 
Waterbury, which led to the rolling of brass 
and the manufacture of many other articles 
from it. By far the larger part of the brass 
rolled in the country is made in the Nauga- 
tuck Valley, and mills in operation elsewhere 
were established by men from Connecticut. 




faurtisij American Pin Co., Waterbury 

Fig. 36. — " The New England metal industries require Little metal but 
much skilled labor and exact machinery." — Making pins in a Water- 
bury factory. Note the coils of wire from which the pins are made. 



In general the New England metal indus- 
tries that have not removed to the .neighbor- 
hood of Western mines but have continued 
to develop where they started, are such as 
require little metal but much skilled labor 
and exact machinery. Thus half the tools 
for accurate work oh metals which are made 
in America come from southern New Eng- 
land. The largest screw factory in the world 
is in Providence. There is a great wire mill 
in Worcester. In the factories of many 
Connecticut cities and towns small articles 



^iS^^^^^' 



BSS^*' 








'm^mnlL 



Fig- 37- 



Conrtisij I'rii: iili'ncc Clmiuhi, 

Machinery is the most important type of metal goods manufactured in New England." 



The 



largest machine shop in the world, at Providence ; producing fine precision and measuring tools. 



32 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 




Covrtesr/ r.'j^'!c1 :'hm Mrc^liifry CorpoTfition 

Fig. 38. — Shoe machinery of a type that is 
produced in New England. 

of hardware for buildings, carriages, and 
other uses are produced. 

Study of the main industry of your section 
will often show that it has 
led to the estab- 

3. The manu- 

facture of ma- lishment of SUb- 

chinery ... • , . . 

sidiarymdustnes, 
to provide supplies or to 
utilize by-products. Since 
every factory district recjuires 
a great deal of machinery, 
machinery is the most im- 
portant type of metal goods 
manufactured in New Eng- 
land, and machine shops are 
to be found in every in- 
dustrial city. Because the 
manufacture of textiles. 



shoes, paper, and other goods developed 
here, machine shops where the ideas of the 
inventors took form are also found. For 
instance, the best of textile looms are of New 
England invention, and there are great loom 
works at Worcester. In fact this city, so 
centrally located, is a great machine shop for 
supplying the needs of the cities round about. 
Naturally, too, as mills are built in the 
South, New England supplies their machin- 
ery. At Beverly, near the shoe and leather 
centers, are the shops of the United Shoe 
Machinery Company, whose complete factory 
outfits of machines are supplied to all coun- 
tries. Similarly machinery for tanneries is 
made in Peabody, and most American 
marble-finishing machines are built in Rut- 
land, " The Marble City." 

In general, the larger the city the more 
machinery made there ; hence the factories 
of Boston produce the most, 

^ ^ 4. The manu- 

while those in Cambridge and facture and re- 

1 . . r /~i -i-> f^^ °^ steam- 

other cities of Greater Boston to- ships and raii- 

gether make much more. The **^ "^"^ 
main New England plant of the General Elec- 
tric Company for electrical machinery is in 
Lynn ; and the great plant of the Fore River 




Pfrnlo byj Boston & Maine R. R. 



Fig- 39— "To- 
deserted." - 



day many remote neighborhoods are almost or quite 
— An abandoned farm in northern New England. 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



33 



Shipbuilding Company for building steel 
steamships is within the Boston basin at 
Quincy. The repair of railway cars can also 
be centered at a few points, so the workshops 
of the railway systems form great industrial 
plants in some cities, and in Providence and 
Taunton there are great locomotive works. 

The decline of agriculture in New Eng- 
land, and its remedies. — One problem has 
The problem troubled New England for over 
stated r^ half-century, yet it remains 

for you to solve when you become men and 
women. While villages in the valleys have 
become prosperous towns and cities, the 
population of upland towns has dwindled 
decade by decade. To-day many remote 
neighborhoods and towns are almost or 
quite deserted. The last census shows no 
betterment. Vermont lost population, al- 
though its few cities prosper. Most 
small New Hampshire towns had fewer 
people, fewer farms, and less acreage under 
cultivation in 1920 than in 1910; so also 
in other states. 

Why did boys leave farms for 
the cities? What happened 
when the old people died ? Is 
it not surprising, when grow- 
ing cities and immigrant mul- 
titudes needed so much more 
food, that our farms should 
have failed to produce it? 
How can we account for this ? 

Consider conditions that 
affect farming, such as soil. 

Unfavorable ^^^P^' climate, 

and location with 

respect to mar- 
kets. In New England the soils 
are glacial. V\Tien the great 
glacier gradually melted away, 
all the materials in the ice, 



from large bowlders to finest rock flour, were 
dropped together as bowlder day, or lill. 
This basis of our present soil is the mingled 
waste from many places, and time has not 
yet been given for it to decay deeply, or to 
be enriched by the addition of much organic 
matter, so it is rarely highly fertile. The 
uneven upland districts have no broad levels 
for cultivation, and the settlers' plows were 
hindered by outcropping ledges and the 
abundant bowlders, part of which are now 
piled in stone walls. How different from the 
Western prairies and plains ! No wonder 
Horace Greeley, born in Vermont a century 
ago, gave advice, " Go West, young man, 
go West." 

The soils vary from field to field. In some 
regions till collected in great mounds beneath 
the glacier and was compacted into finely 
curving hills called driimJins. They are 
numerous in the Boston basin, also along the 
lower Merrimac, where Whittier says, " The 
hills roll wavelike inland." From near 
Worcester drumlins extend into Connecticut 



surface fea 
tures 




Fig. 40. — " In some legions till was compacted into finely curving 
hills called drumlins." — Revere Beach. Drumlins in left back- 
ground. 



34 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



and New Hampshire. Being free from 
ledges, and having an even surface and moist 
soils, many were early cleared of trees and 
tilled, although their sides slope steeply. 

You have learned something of the various 
soils formed in our terraced river intervales, 
and about the many lakes behind glacial mo- 
raine dams. Many of the smaller and shal- 
lower glacial ponds have been filled by stream 
deposits and plant growth, and are now 
swamps, meadows, or peat bogs. So New 
England farms have no far-stretching levels 
of uniform soil devoted to some staple crop. 
Most have steep slopes and sandy plains that 
should be kept wooded, and fields of thin, 
stony soil fit only for pasturage, as well as 
acres that will produce good crops when 
cleared of bowlders or properly drained and 
fertilized. Each farm is a problem in itself. 

New England farmers have had to turn 
Compensating adverse conditions into assets 
advantages j^ order to prosper. Bowlders 
hinder cultivation, but built into stone 



j» - i.- 







walls they make fences that do not decay. 
Varied soils and slopes forbade far-stretch- 
ing fields of staple crops, but they made 
diversified farming the rule from the first, 
while this comes slowly in the South and 
West. Farm machinery and railway trans- 
portation enabled Western farmers to sell 
flour and feed in New England below cost 
of production here ; but machinery serves 
to harvest hay for dairy farms, while our 
railways hurry the milk to city markets. 
New England forests at first hindered 
agriculture, so trees were cut, piled, and 
burned ; but the leaf mold and wood ashes 
fertilized the soil for the first crops. Soon 
farmers used spare time to manufacture 
staves and shingles. From such begin- 
nings developed many local industries. 
Much lumber was required when cities be- 
gan to grow, so sawmills were busy in 
every town. Farmers used winters for 
logging and the forest became a chief re- 
liance as long as it lasted. But with 
rising prices for lumber por- 
table sawmills came into use 
and all remaining tracts of 
large timber were cut from 
farm woodlots. 

Growth of commerce and 
manufacturing tempted farm 
labor away to the cities ; but 
this gave compensating ad- 
vantages. In Colonial times 
most products not required on 
the farms had to find a market 
in the West Indies or Europe. 
As cities grew, surplus farm 
products were needed by 
them. Drovers bought up 



^'a ' -" ' cattle and sheep and drove 

Fig. 41.— " Bowlders built into stone walls make fences that uu nui ^^^^ ^° Boston ; every city 
decay." — A typical farm scene in Vermont. obtained its beef, mutton, and 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



35 



pork from near-by farmers. 
When the West came to sup- 
ply meat to the East, our cities 
called for more and more 
dairy products, eggs, poultry, 
fruit, and vegetables. Al- 
though many farms far from 
city markets have been aban- 
doned, others near thriving 
centers or railway lines have 
prospered. 

In early days cows were 
milked only when out at pas- 
The dairy in- ture, and lived 
dustry through the winter 

on scanty food. They were 
of no certain breed, and cattle 
were long valued for meat 
and as draft animals as well 
as for milk. To-day the dairy 
cow is a milk machine, as highly developed 
a product of human skill as a loom. Cows 
have been imported from the dairy districts 
of northern Europe, and the breeding of 
stock has been continued here so as to se- 





Fig. 43. — Scene on a large New England dairy farm. 



Fig. 42. — " The breeding of stock !i^.> :.^i,:i continued here so as 
to secure animals that turn their food into a large yield of rich 
milk." — A Jersey herd in northern Vermont. 



cure animals that turn their food into a 
large yield of rich milk instead of placing 
it in flesh and fat upon their bodies. On a 
modern dairy farm a record is made of the 
quaUty and quantity of milk produced by 
each cow, and only those are 
kept that give the owner a 
good profit. 

The feeding of stock is a 
scientific problem that has 
been worked out by the gov- 
ernment experiment stations. 
Hay is too bulky for cheap 
transportation, so it is nat- 
urally the most important 
crop raised on New England 
farms. Concentrated foods 
from corn, oats, and cotton- 
seed arc fed the cows and in 
winter ensilage is provided 
on some farms. 

Marketing milk is a business 



^/( 



36 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



in itself. Some farmers near cities gather the 
milk from several farms in the evening, bottle 
it, and deliver it to homes of customers in 
the morning. Greater Boston requires so 
much milk that most of its supply must be 
brought from a distance by train. Large 
firms contract with the farmers for milk 
and run trains of milk cars from Maine, 
from northern New Hampshire and Ver- 
mont, and from western Massachusetts. 




Fig. 44. — Bottling milk at a New England dairy. 

Similarly a milk train from Pittsfield takes 
milk from many farms to New York City 
daily. The contractors pasteurize milk, 
that is, heat it just enough to kill the germs 
that cause it to sour quickly, and then cool 
it. Some contractors own farms, and de- 
liver milk to stores and homes with their 
own teams. Some milk is sold from the 
depots to milkmen for sale at retail. State 
inspectors see that it is not weak, adul- 
terated, or dirty. 



When too much milk is received the 
contractors make the surplus into butter 
or ice cream. Buttermilk is sold. Much 
cream for sale comes from creameries in 
Maine. Creameries and cheese factories 
were formerly abundant in Vermont and 
the Berkshires, but some have closed since 
milk trains were extended to the Canadian 
border. Most butter and cheese now come 
from outside New England. 

Cities afford a market for fresh farm prod- 
uce. When truck farmers in the Southern 
States began to send their prod- Truck garden- 
ucts North, the raising of vege- "^^ 
tables near the Northern cities developed 
into a special industry to meet this com- 
petition. Market gardening does not re- 
quire extensive acreage, for it brings so 
large returns as to warrant thorough culti- 
vation of the soil and constant use of com- 
mercial fertilizers. Several crops a year 
are often raised from a field. Planting, 
cultivating, weeding, watering, and gather- 
ing the crops give employment to many 
hands. The products are taken in automo- 
bile trucks to city markets daily. 

Near Boston there are many gardeners 
who have groups of glass houses, heated by 
steam or hot water, in which cucumbers, 
lettuce, and radishes are raised in winter 
and tomatoes in the spring. All market 
gardeners have fields of hotbeds. Their 
long, deep trenches are filled with beds of 
fresh manure, covered with several inches 
of loam. A high fence shuts ofT cold north 
winds, while sashes of glass, thick mats, and 
board shutters, resting on an inclosing 
l)lank frame, protect the beds from the cold 
winter air. Decomposition of the manure 
produces heat, and the seeds sown in the 
loam germinate. On sunny days the mats 
and shutters are taken from the glass. 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



37 



Radishes, dandelions, spin- 
ach, and cucumbers are 
raised in hotbeds in spring, 
and other plants are started 
in them to be transplanted 
later. 

While some farmers keep 
several kinds of farm animals 
and cultivate small areas of 
many orchard, fie'd, and gar- 
den crops, the tendency is to 
give special attention to some 
one crop or class of products 
in each section. Near the cities 
there are many hothouses 
for raising flowers — acres of 
pinks and orchids, of lihes 
and violets, of chrysanthe- 
mums and potted plants — the basis of a 
very extensive business. Aroostook County, 
Maine, is famous for its thousands of acres 
of potatoes, for the heavy yield of its valley 
soils, and for its great storage houses and 
potato starch factories. In early fall many 
people on Cape Cod are busy picking cran- 





Fig. 46. Truck gardening at Winchester, Massachusetts 



Fig. 45. — Growing celery at Arlington, Massachusetts 



berries, cultivated in the bogs that formed in 
depressions of the glacial sands. On the level 
terraces of the Connecticut Valley, whose 
soil of sand and silt is easily worked, there 
are extensive fields of tobacco and of onions. 
In Maine sweet corn is raised for the can- 
ning factories scattered through the towns. 
A few common vegetables 
have long been grown on all 
farms. The market gardeners 
also raise asparagus, celery, 
green peas, cauHflower, and 
other products which re- 
quire trained care while grow- 
ing or which must be mar- 
keted at once when mature. 
Celery, onions, and such 
root crops as turnips and car- 
rots are stored in cemented 
cellars for sale in winter after 
the suiplus from the farms has 
been marketed and the prices 
are higher. Strawberries, 
raspberries, blackberries, and 



38 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



other small fruits are also grown. Because 
the very best fruits and vegetables secure a 
ready market at high prices, there are special 
seed farms. The owners grow seed carefully 
for sale, and strive to develop varieties that 
shall mature early or late and yield fairer, 
larger, and less perishable products. 

Once settlers eagerly made farms in forest 
clearings. Their grandchildren cultivated 
„ , all the countryside. But am- 

How may farm •' 

prosperity be bitious descendants have gone 
renewe westward and cityward, while 

scrubby woodlands replace pasture and field. 
State leaders ask how our industries can 
continue to compete successfully with fac- 
tories west and south while we bring most 
of our food from farms in distant states. 
Discuss possible remedies. What should be 
done to aid farming? How may education 
help? Ought methods of marketing farm 
products to be changed? Will extension 
of good state roads help? Can immigra- 
tion be turned from the city to the country ? 



Discuss reports of pupil committees on : 
the Grange ; agricultural schools and 
courses ; immigrants on farms ; State high- 
ways ; cooperative societies for buying and 
for storing, grading, and marketing crops. 
Conduct a debate as to whether it is better 
that every farm choose a special crop or 
activity for expert attention, or that farms 
should combine farm forestry and the dairy 
or poultry business with gardening or fruit 
growing. 

There are movements of population 
toward the country. Some immigrants have 
saved money while working in 

x . 1116 &ttr3c~ 

city mills and have bought farms, tions of country 
They give them the painstaking 
culture which they learned in crowded 
Europe ; and, as in pioneer times, all their 
large families share the labors of restoring 
upland farms or of weeding acres of onions 
in the Connecticut Valley. Many workers 
in commerce and the industries escape the 
strain of city life for at least a summer fort- 




Pfioto by Boston & Maine R. li. 



Fig. 47. — Prosperous upland farms at White River Junction, Vermont. 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



39 



night to gain new health by country fare 
and Hfe. Coming at first as boarders at 
farmhouses and hotels, many families soon 
desire their own summer homes, so deserted 
farms are bought and old buildings are re- 
paired or new ones erected. The hundreds 
of summer residents who come to many 
towns supply a home market for the prod- 
uce of even those farmers who do not take 
boarders, and good prices are 
secured for eggs, milk, vege- 
tables, and fruit. 

Until recently school training 
turned boys and girls toward 
2. Improved coUege or busiuess 

methods of agri- . ... ^.t 

culture —City life. Now 

there are not only state agri- 
cultural colleges ; there arc 
country and town high schools 
that give courses in agriculture 
and direct students in farm 
projects. County leaders or- 
ganize clubs of boys and girls 
for farm work. Many attend 
agricultural fairs and become 
enthusiastic over the oppor- 
tunities of country Hfe. Simi- 
larly more and more farmers 
follow scientific methods in 
production and marketing, for 
the state colleges give many 
courses and correspondence 
farmers, and county agents visit the farms 
to counsel with all who will accept advice. 

It is possible that the orchard industry will 
make many farms prosperous, for fruit of the 
3. Advantages finest flavor and lasting quality 
for fruit growing ^^^ j^g g^wn in Ncw England. 

Apples form our largest item of agricultural 
export, large shipments being made from 
Portland and Boston. Some farmers in New 
England are now making orcharding on a 



large scale a successful business. Some have 
large orchards of peaches, pears, or plums. 
Some are installing machinery to handle the 
fruit in packing houses in their own orchards. 
Aided by government experiment stations 
and county agents, fruit growing ought to 
become increasingly successful. 

The poultry business may also be further 
developed, for fresh eggs and poultry com- 




^■«r'•J- 









*?^ 

m^ 



'- '^ *-^v'>^^!^l.S- 



«V^ 



CouTtes7j SorosU Farm, MaTf}}ehead, Mans. 

Fig. 48. — " Large poultry farms are especially numerous in Massa- 
chusetts." 



short 



courses 



winter 
for 



mand higher prices than cold storage goods 
from the West. Since our winter climate 
is severe, large poultrv farms ^ ,^ ^ 

' ° J^ ^ 4. Advantages 

have been especially numerous for raising poui- 

try 

in Massachusetts and Rhode 
Island near the warm waters southeast of 
Cape Cod. Nevertheless the many city 
markets make special poultry farms profit- 
able in each state. Government experi- 
ments and education aid here also. Disease 
is held in check, breeds are improved, and 
hens that cease to lay eggs are detected and 



40 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



killed for market. The work of a poultry 
farm and of marketing the product is put 
on a business basis. 

Farmers gain by modern methods of com- 
munication. The rude cart roads of the 
5. Better trans- scttlcrs Were Supplemented by 
portation chartered turnpike roads with 

toll-gates, but when railroads became gen- 
eral country roads were neglected. Since 
automobiles came into use the states have 
built highways that follow or connect the 




main valleys and extend from city to city. 
They are kept in condition for rapid travel 
and for heavy loads. Many town roads 
are now better built. Trolley lines help 
some towns. Rural free delivery brings 
mail and news to a farmer's door daily. 
Some use the parcel post to sell produce 
direct to city customers and to purchase 
from city stores. The telephone extends 
to every town and connects farm homes. 
Thus farms are no longer remote and lonely ; 
their contact with hfe 
makes possible social 
happiness and business 
success. 

Farmers are learn- 
ing how to cooperate to 

win success, g. Better 
In pioneer cooperation 

times they exchanged 
work with neighbors, 
helping one another in 
turn, and neighbor- 
hoods united for such 
tasks as corn-huskings 
and barn-raisings. 
These customs passed 
away as farm needs 
were met by purchase 
and farm crops were 
raised for sale. Farm- 
ers sold to middlemen, 
by barter to village 
stores, or to agents 
of city commission 
merchants. These 
business men kept 
books and made sure 
that prices gave them 
profits ; few farmers 
kept accounts ; few 



Courtesy New England Hotel Association 

Fig. 49. — The chief automobile routes of New England. could store crops 



THE GEOGRAPHY OE NEW ENGLAND 



41 




Fig. 50. ■ The highways are kept in condition 
for rapid travel and heavy loads." — A Connecticut 
highway. 

safely to await higher prices ; they did 
not act together — so many often sold at 
prices that gave no fair return for their 
labor. Thus when the timber had been cut 
from woodlands and the first fertility was 
exhausted on hill pastures, cooperation 
became necessary to secure proper prices 
for products, and to make possible econ- 
omies in farm methods that should make 
farming successful. 

Many agencies give aid. The national 
government counsels farmers and helps in 
the support of agricultural 
education in each state. It 
urges, for example, associa- 
tions of farmers for the coop- 
erative preparation and mar- 
keting of woodland products. 
The state governments supply 
young forest trees at cost 
for replanting woodlands and 
advise in the care of farm Avood- 
lots. Some state and county 
associations of city cham- 
bers of commerce are aiding 
farmers, upon whose prosper- 
ity cities depend, to sell all 



their products to advantage and to estab- 
lish central cold-storage warehouses. Farm- 
ers i)roducing milk are organized in the 
different states to secure their interests 
tlirough legislation and in fixing standard 
prices with the large milk dealers. The 
problem of New England farming is com- 
plicated, but many interests are working 
to solve it. 

Why have the fisheries become centered 
at a few ports ? — Fishing was the carhest 
industry of New England and Why formerly 
of the shores northward to Lab- |;;;P°New'Eng- 
rador. From the time of the land ports 
first explorers fishermen from France and 
England have resorted thither, curing their 
fish on shore and returning home heavily 
laden. The earliest English settlements on 
Cape Ann were made for the purpose of 
fishing, and the sale of fish was the basis of 
Colonial commerce and prosperity. 

There are good reasons for the importance 
of the industry. The cold Labrador Current 
and the warm drift of the Gulf Stream meet 
off Cape Cod, so that the fish native to both 
may be caught there. The shallow banks of 
the continental shelf offshore were strewn 




C^iirlffy OoTtun-Pew Flshfrie^ Co. 



Fig. 51. — Curing codfish at Gloucester. 



42 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAxND 



with rock waste by icebergs from the re- 
treating glacial front. On such bottoms 
seaweed grows well ; in such places there 
is an abundance of the lower forms of animal 
life, which serve as food for cod, halibut, 
and other ground fish of northern waters. 
Schools of mackerel and herring, which feed 
at the surface of warmer waters, and of the 
swordfish and bluefish that prey upon them, 
are abundant during the summer, for 
the Gulf Stream is nearer the coast at this 
season. 

In Colonial times the cod and its allies, 
haddock, pollock, and hake, and a huge 
flatfish, the halibut, were abundant all along 
the coast. These fish were caught from the 
sides of vessels, or from dories with long 
hand-lines. The cod were salted and found 
ready sale in southern Europe and the West 
Indies. The fishermen of these early times 
were usually farmers in summer and engaged 
also in lumbering, shoemaking, or ship- 




Fig. 52. — Unloading a catch at Gloucester. 



building in winter. They became sailors 
and captains in overseas commerce. Fishing 
boats hailed from all the village harbors of 
the coast. 

Methods in all industries have changed. 
In fishing, to increase the catch and decrease 
the labor, trawls came into use How the 
- long horizontal lines with short ^^^^^e 
lines for baited hooks. Trawls changed 
are laid by dories, each end of a line a mile 
or two in length being anchored and marked 
by a buoy. After a few hours the trawls 
are hauled into the dories and the fish are 
secured. On board the schooner, unless 
they are to be sold fresh, the fish are spht, 
salted, and piled in the hold. The livers 
are sold for their oil, and the air bladders, 
which contain gelatine, are often cut out 
to be sold to manufacturers of isinglass. 

Trawling is hard, dangerous work. On 
the fishing grounds the men rise early and 
work late with no Sunday rest. The Hght 
dories must often be forced 
against the wind through toss- 
ing seas ; a sudden squall may 
overwhelm a dory ; during a 
fog the men may lose their 
bearings and drift away from 
the schooner and the sound 
of its horn. Hooks must be 
baited with bare hands even 
in icy weather. During 
winter storms waves run so 
high on the shoal water of 
the banks that schooners are 
sometimes lost, or return with 
flag at half mast for men 
swept overboard. 

Steam power and machin- 
ery are in part replacing man- 
ual labor in the fisheries, to 
speed up work, to make it 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



43 



safe, and to lower costs. Steel vessels, driven 
by powerful engines, catch ground fish with 
great nets instead of baited hooks, and fish 
or make port in all weathers, never losing a 
man. Each has a trawl, a cone-shaped net, 
its mouth held open eighty feet wide by 
two otter boards that slide over the bottom 
on steel-shod edges while forced apart by- 
water pressure as the vessel steams ahead. 
Most cod swim strongly and escape, but the 
haddock are caught. A draw-string is pulled 
to close the opening at the small end of the 
net, the gear is hoisted on board, the fish 
are emptied into pens on deck, the trawl is 
lowered, and work proceeds. Thus it is only 
eighteen hours from start to finish of a steam 
trawler's trip out of Boston to banks any- 
where within a hundred miles of Cape Cod. 
As the fisheries became an industry that 
required expensive vessels and outfits, care- 
How these ful factory methods in curing 
affecfed thl^ ^^^' °^ elaborate commercial 
fishing ports connections for sale of fresh fish, 
the industry necessarily became centered 
instead of scattered. When bottom fish 
had to be sought on banks far from land, 



the outfit for a long voyage to the Grand 
Banks, to Greenland, or to Iceland was best 
secured at some larger port. Gloucester 
took the lead ; its fleet numbered over two 
hundred stanch, speedy schooners for trawl- 
ing from dories. It has an excellent harbor, 
far out on Cape Ann toward the fishing 
grounds ; and since the business of curing fish 
— salt-drying, smoking, boning, shredding, 
packing — and related industries for utilizing 
the skins and refuse for glue and fertilizer 
were thoroughly developed here, it still leads 
all others in this phase of the industry. 

The market for fish has changed. For- 
merly most fish were rudely preserved by 
dry-salting, then exported. This might be 
from any port. Now most of the product is 
sold fresh in the populous districts. This 
business centers at Boston because of its 
superior commercial and railway facilities. 
The Boston Fish Pier is the greatest commer- 
cial fish market in the world, handling 
150,000,000 pounds of fish a year. Over half 
is haddock, for the fresh-fish industry 
depends on steam trawlers to provide a 
steady supply for shipments. Province- 




Fig. 53- — Fishing vessels in Gloucester harbor. 



tcsy Qorton-Pt a- I'i 



44 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 





r-. Ji 

Fig. 54. — " The Boston Fish Pier is the greatest conimercial fish market in the world." 



town, at the end of Cape Cod, and Portland, 
the leading commercial port and railway 
center north of Boston, are other important 
centers for the fisheries. 

The business is developing. The fish are 
caught quickly by a steam trawler, then 
dressed, washed, and packed in ice in the 
hold. A quick run is made to Boston, then 
the fish are iced again and expressed in re- 
frigerator cars to industrial cities of the 
Middle West, where the use of fresh ocean 
fish is increasing. England, populous, sur- 
rounded by the ocean, uses over fifty pounds 
of fish per person yearly, while the United 
States uses less than twenty pounds per 
person. The high value of fish as food and 
the stable low cost of fresh fish caught by 
steam trawlers will lead to further develop- 
ment of the industry. 

As a result of the centering of the fisheries 
at a few ports, the smaller fishing towns of 



the peninsulas and islands, like the upland 
villages, find their principal occupation 
in serving summer visitors. Many such 
visitors go by rail, steamer, and yacht to 
almost every point on the New England 
coast, escaping from the heated interior to 
the cool, salty sea breezes. 

The lumber industry — past, present, and 
future. — Because of the abundant rainfall. 
New England at the time of its Forces that 
settlement was everywhere for- i^ave depleted 
ested. There were heavy stands lumbering, 
of white pine on the lowlands ^®^' ^''ghts 
and the southern uplands, and such valuable 
hardwoods as oak and chestnut. Spruce, 
hemlock, fir, and hardwoods clothed the 
northern uplands and mountains, cedars 
the swampy lands. For nearly three cen- 
turies the forest remained a store of wealth, 
a bank on which farmers drew by winter 
labor to meet their needs for ready money, a 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



45 



mine where our industries obtained raw 
materials. It was only at the befjinnin^ 
of the twentieth century that the last virgin 
forests were cut from the less accessible 
mountainous townships. And so long as 
clearings were not extensive, white pine 
had tended to reoccupy cut-over tracts, 
springing up from seedlings. 

In summer the prevailing westerly winds 
are weak and general rains are few. 
Thunder storms may give rain- 
fall in some sections, yet leave 
near-by towns dry. In seasons 
of drought fires sweep rapidly 
through cut-over lands and 
forests, killing seeds and seed- 
Hngs and sometimes destroying 
even the vegetable mold of the 
forest soil. Thereafter seeds 
of birch and poplar strewn by 
the winds germinate far and 
wide, and deciduous trees of 
small worth replace pine and 
oak. So long as lumber could 
be obtained cheaply little sys- 
tematic effort was made to 
prevent fires or to plant valu- 
able trees to replace those cut. 

Incidental to our extensive 
commerce with other lands, 
foreign insect pests and fungous diseases of 
trees have been introduced accidentally, se- 
riously damaging forests as well as orchards. 
The gypsy and browntail moths are held in 
check by spraying the foliage along high- 
ways to kill the caterpillars, and by import- 
ing from Europe the parasites that reduce 
their numbers there. Our chestnuts seem 
doomed, so those not already killed by the 
chestnut blight are being cut. The pine 
blister rust threatens all white pines, and all 
currant and gooseberry bushes near pine 



woodlands must be removed to save the 
]iines. National, state, and town govern- 
ments are cooperating with citizens to save 
the forests. 

As population and commerce increased, 
more lumber was required for buildings, 
furniture, and manifold factory „. . 

' _ ■' The increasing 

products. But during the demands upon 

closing decades of the last cen- """^ ""^^^^^ 
tury a new demand was made upon our 




Fig- 55-—" I" 



seasons of drought fires sweep rapidly through cut- 
over lands and forests.' 

forests. More and cheaper paper than rags 
could provide was needed, and a new use 
was found for forest trees. Paper was made 
from poplar wood, and then spruce proved 
better still. In the manufacture of wood 
pulp small logs are cut into short lengths, 
then placed within the grinders and pressed 
hard against a revolving sandstone wheel. 
The ground pulp is carried off in water, 
strained, then gathered in a thin layer on a 
broad cloth belt through which the pulpy 
water strains. To obtain longer fibers, for 



46 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 




Fig. 56. — Great paper mills at Rumford, Maine. 



t^uuTtesv JrUernational Paper Co, 



stronger, whiter paper, small wood chips are 
cooked in hot acid liquor under steam pres- 
sure, thus dissolving the pitch and separating 
the fibers. 

While the pulp and paper industry now 
ranks first in northern New England, the 
lumber industry formerly led, producing 
boards, timber clapboards, and shingles. 
Large sawmills were located at falls near 
tidewater, as at Bangor, which was for years 




Courtesy I/Uernalional Paper Co. 

Fig- 57- — " Small logs are cut into short lengths " (at left of 
picture), " then placed within the grinders and pressed hard against 
a revolving sandstone wheel. The ground pulp is carried off in water." 



the most important eastern primary lumber 
market. The large Maine sawmills are now 
on St. John's River. Great logs cut in winter 
on the forested uplands were floated down 
the flooded rivers when the snows melted 
in spring and were caught by log booms 
stretched across the rivers above the mills. 
From just below the mills lumber was shipped 
in coasting schooners to the growing Atlantic 
seaport cities. The larger forest trees, how- 
ever, have been cut, and much 
more wood than our eastern 
forests produce is needed for 
paper, so the lumber industry 
is now of minor importance. 

The methods of logging and 
driving have changed. There 

is still a vast Changes in the 

forest region ex- ^rSds 
tending from of cutting 
northeastern Vermont and the 
national forest of the Wliite 
Mountains across Maine into 
Canada. The paper companies 
have bought extensive areas 
on the mountains and uplands 
of the three northern states. 
The larger trees of a tract, 
eight inches or more in diam- 
eter, are felled with saws. 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



47 



Smaller trees are left uninjured to grow. In 
old times all logging took place in winter, 
after supplies could be drawn to camp across 
frozen swamps. The trees are cut now in 
readiness to be drawn to the rivers on sleds 
when snow comes. When pulp wood is to 
be moved by rail the trees are felled in spring 
and summer, when sap is running and the 
bark may be peeled in the woods, thus low- 
ering freight charges. The danger and 
romance of spring log drives are largely past. 



few took pains to avoid waste or to replant 
cleared land even when unfit for other use. A 
century ago New England supjilied lumber 
to the nation, that is, the Atlantic states. 
Since then the forests about the Great Lakes 
have been cut away, and the Southern for- 
ests are rapidly disappearing ; so most of 
our lumber must come from the Pacific 
coast at heavy expense for freight. Over 
lialf our pulp wood, or paper, now comes 
from Canada. Now all realize forest values, 




Courtesy Bcr,\t-Fu. 



Fig. 58. — A great clothespin, toothpick, and butter-dish factory in Maine. 

and birch piled up for future use. 



Note the supply of hardwood 



The rivers have been cleared of bowlders 
and sandbars against which long logs often 
piled in jams, while dams hold the water 
back for use when necessary to float the 
logs. Pulp wood is often sawn into four- 
foot lengths that can be floated 
The problem down headwater brooks in 

of forest con- 
servation sprmg. 

Forests hindered settlement ; 
the early colonists cleared 
them away. In the century 
following widespread settle- 
ment our forests seemed inexhaustible and 



1. New Eng- 
land's depend- 
ence upon a 
continued lum 
ber supply 



because costs of wood and paper have mul- 
tiplied. 

Our textile, leather, and fine metal in- 
dustries continue to develop because skilled 
workmanship adds so much to the value 
of the raw material that it can profitably be 
imported. Wood, however, is bulky and so 
are most of its products. If our industries 
that use wood are to continue to give em- 
ployment to workmen and prosperity to 
towns, the materials they use must be grown 
here. Formerly New England made furni- 
ture for the South. The Civil War stopped 



48 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



this trade. The industry was reestabUshed 
beside the rich forests of the Middle West, 
and now Michigan, though its own forests 
are largely depleted, supplies furniture to 
New England. Many mills in our upland 
towns and cities still produce a great variety 
of products from wood : building materials 
such as sashes, doors, blinds, and moldings ; 
hardwood articles — chairs, pails, sleds, 
toys, clothespins, toothpicks, crutches, bob- 
bins, excelsior, and many others. Many 
thousand boxes and barrels are needed yearly 
to ship farm and factory products to market, 
so in southern New England more wood is 
used for boxes and crates than for all other 
woodworking industries combined, while 
every city has paper-box factories using 




Pig- 59-^ " The states have sought to encour- 
age reforestation." — Pine timber planted from 
seedlings. 



stock made from wood pulp. Clearly, to 
sustain these industries and to aid other 
New England industries we must renew our 
forests. 

Although the question has not yet been 
fully answered, some progress has neverthe- 
less been made toward its solu- 2. Means by 
tion. Fire prevention_ is fun- "^^t^^rL 
damental. Laws forbid start- ^"'■®'* 
ing fires in the open, save by permit. Spark 
arrestors are required on locomotives and 
portable steam engines. Slash, the waste 
where trees are cut, is not allowed to be left 
near a highway or another's property. In 
summer and autumn observers on hilltop 
towers watch for signs of woodland fires and 
telephone to the forest warden of a town 
where one is seen to have started that he 
may gather men to extinguish it. Such 
provisions have reduced our forest fire loss 
and make forest planting a surer investment. 
Are all measures named, or others, in force 
in your state? How must a campfire be 
managed to prevent spreading ? 

The states have sought to encourage re- 
forestation. The forest taxation laws are 
being changed with a view to taxing the 
lumber when cut rather than for its value 
each year during growth, that owners may 
afford to let it mature. State foresters have 
sought to acquaint the public with the need 
for tree planting and for care in lumbering. 
Since compulsion of private owners was 
judged impracticable, states have tried to 
stimulate action by making small state for- 
est reservations object lessons in profitable 
forestry. Most progress has been made 
in Massachusetts, where there are many 
small state plantations and large reserva- 
tions arc being secured, the purchase of 
100,000 acres being authorized. In north- 
ern New England the paper-mill corpora- 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



49 



h 



tions are planting native and 
Norway spruce on parts of 
their great forest holdings. 

There is need of cooper- 
ation in forestry by neighbors 
just as in other phases of 
farming. For several decades 
most lumbering in southern 
New England has been by 
owners of portable sawmills, 
run by steam or gasoline en- 
gines. They buy the stand- 
ing timber on a tract, cut all 
trees useful for boards or box 
lumber, and usually leave a waste behind. In 
Plymouth County, Massachusetts, there are 
still permanent neighborhood mills, and farm- 
ers cut larger trees on their own woodlands 
in winter and haul them to a mill to be sawn. 
Thereby saplings and small trees are saved to 
grow, and the stand of trees in the country is 
maintained. Every country district should 
have its own sawmill. 

The granite industry. — With city growth 
came a demand for more substantial and 





Fig. 60. 



Its history 




Fig. 61. — " Most progress has been made in Massachusetts 
A large Massachusetts nursery for reforestation purposes. 



- Planting pine seedlings on fire-swept waste. 

fire-proof building materials than wood ; brick 
and stone came into common use. The many 
exposed ledges of New Eng- 
land supply valuable stores of 
building materials. Granite is the most im- 
portant stone quarried. Though not easily 
or cheaply worked, it is a most durable 
stone for buildings, bridges, and monu- 
ments, and is highly prized because of the 
beauty of its crystaUine texture. 

As heavy teaming increased on the streets 
" of manufacturing cities, granite 
was needed to withstand the 
pounding of laden drays. 
Rounded cobble-stones from 
beaches were used at first in sea- 
port cities, then small paving 
blocks were made of granite. 
Granite may be separated into 
massive blocks and slabs by 
blasting, or by wedges driven 
into holes made by drills. 
Great numbers of curbstones 
and flagstones for street cross- 
ings were made by dividing 
and trimming blocks. Granite 
was early in demand for bridge 
abutments, foundation walls, 



5° 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



dams, and embankment - [ '". ' though far inland and 

walls. So quarries were / "-x on the upland, produce 

opened in all parts of New / "^- stone of fine quality for 

England. lga^L™™v^^ monuments and build- 

The sinking of the coast lP^*'i^-^"l3||* /^-^^ ^"^^' ^^ ^^^ granite busi- 

has brought granite ledges |•v^i^^||i|^^'"^S^^^fca||^ ness is of great impor- 

next to deep water in ^^^«HK M^^^^^Ih ^ance there, employing 

many places, as on the is- .^if^* WBK' ^Uia^^^B hundreds of workmen, 

lands at the mouth of the '^^'* ''^~ IPHJi^mmI^^^B There are important quar- 

has been a leading in- i,^T"i^^^^^ Mm ^^Y^' ^^ ^^ Concord, 

dustry there, supplying ^m ^^^^^ ' Ji Those at Milford have 

paving blocks and build- ^W-^l "^HBt* V l^^^^l ^^^^ developed in recent 

ing stone for coast cities, ^^^^^-^i^ ^^P^jj years because the granites 

since transportation by ^fc^S^S!-j^^„_^__»j. "'i Maai there are easily quarried 

C ourtesy ijranite Rallu ay to 

schooner is mexpensive. pjg g^. _ The famous quarry of the and worked. 

Much of the by-product Granite Railway Company, Quincy. Here There are granite out- 

„f • ,„„,,i„, Ki ^ r, u„ in 1826 was built the first railway in Amer- • ,1 4. r -nt 

of irregular blocks has .^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^^^ ^^^.^^ ^^^ 3^^^^^ j^j,, crops in all parts of New 

been used for govern- Monument. Granite for the Custom England and Substitutes for 
ment breakwaters. Other House Tower and Minot's Ledge Light- quarrying has eranite, and 

. house, Boston, and for the Gettysburg , , their effect 

famous coast quarries Monument came from this quarry. been started upon the quar- 

are at Quincy, Massa- at thousands ^"^s industry 

chusetts, and at Westerly, Rhode Island. of ledges. Many were soon abandoned be- 

The quarries about Barre, in Vermont, cause the stone did not prove to be of the 

high quality expected, or be- 
cause transportation was too 
expensive. But many good 
quarries are no longer worked. 
Only those supplying fine mon- 
umental granites and those so 
situated as to ship cheaply the 
coarser granites used for street 
and constructional work remain 
in prosperous activity. Few 
are increasing their output. 
The reasons are simple. Steel 
and cement are replacing stone 
in buildings and bridges. Gran- 
ite is too heavy to form the 

Courtesy Sullivan Granite Co. . _ . i -i i- 

- " Other famous coast quarries are at Westerly, R. L" - ^^^^^^ ""^ .^^'"^ ^^^^y buildings 
Quarrying granite two hundred feet underground. Cement is now used for sur- 




Fig. 63. 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



St 



facing streets and for bridges. Thus the de- 
mand for granite has not kept pace with 
the increase in population. 

Cement, however, is not equal to granite 
for city streets that are used for heavy 
Future pros- teaming. Paving blocks are now 
gr^he^^w- ^P^it 'o ^ uniform size and are 
ries carefully laid with a binder that 

makes the roadbed imper- 
vious to water. Granite curb- 
stones outwear cement curb- 
ing. Above all nothing 
equals granite for combined 
beauty and durability for 
monuments. The use of the 
power drill, held and di- 
rected by the hand and strik- 
ing swift blows by the force 
of compressed air or steam, 
makes it possible to shape 
tough granite blocks far more 
quickly and cheaply than for- 
merly. It is still preferred 
for the more massive stone 
work of the lower stories 
of steel frame buildings. The 
best and most accessible 
granites will remain in de- 
mand. 

New quarries of flinty rocks, even more 
resistant than granite, are being opened and 
worked in southern New England, as along 
the hard-rock rim of the Boston basin. 
Granite has special uses because it splits 
naturally into rectangular blocks. The even 
tougher rocks that blast into irregular frag- 
ments are crushed and the broken stone of 
sorted sizes is used with cement for roads 
and structural work. It is also used for 
macadamized roads with asphalt or oil for 
a surface binder. Quarries producing such 
rock do not require the skilled workmanship 



of granite or marble cutters ; they use power 
machinery and serve local needs. But the)' 
are likely to increase in number and output. 
Boston, the hub of New England. .\s 
village stores serve scattered farmers, so the 
wholesale stores and agents in the larger 
cities receive the surplus of the farms, goods 
from the factories, and many products from 




I'ourtt^stj Bn^ton Cftnmhcr of Commerce 



Fig. 64. — " The quarries about Barre, Vermont, produce stone of fine 

quality." 



outside New England and distribute them 
to retail stores in the towns. A few large 
seaports are the greatest trade centers. 
They receive raw materials — fibers, rubber, 
hides, dyestuffs — for factories situated in- 
land, and send away manufactured products 
from the factories. Boston is tlie largest 
of these centers. 

Its position has favored its commerce. 
It is situated at the center of a lowland basin, 
at the most westerly point of its advantages 
the coast north of Cape Cod ; "^ * p*"^ 
hence railway lines were readily built radiat- 



52 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



ing from it to all the great mill cities. " The 
Hub " is an appropriate name. Not only 
do railway lines extend in almost every 
direction except due east ; Boston is like- 
wise a day's voyage nearer Europe than 
New York. The deep valleys in the Berk- 
shire upland, when connected by the Hoosac 
Tunnel, gave railway connection, with the 




Fig. 65. — Faneuil Hall, Boston. 

West by moderate grades, bringing grain, 
cattle, and other products of the prairies 
to Boston for distribution to all New Eng- 
land or for transfer to steamers for Europe. 
Great steamships leave Boston weekly for 
northern Europe, and other lines give regular 
connections with the Mediterranean and 
with important ports of the Americas ; 
while vessels discharge cargoes there every 
year from ports of every sea. There are 
over a score of foreign steamship lines with 
regular sailings to and from Boston, beside 
ten coastwise lines. 



Boston has a fine natural harbor which 
is being improved to meet modern needs. 
Since no narrow valley but a broad lowland 
dotted with hills of glacial clay is here over- 
flowed by the ocean, there is ample anchorage 
sheltered by many islands. The port is 
near the open sea, and a broad, deep ship 
channel is dredged to the wharves. The 
. older docks, with warehouses 
and grain elevators, are at 
East Boston, next the Navy 
Yard in Charlestown, and be- 
side the business section of 
Boston. The Commonwealth 
has made costly improvements 
at South Boston, providing a 
series of long piers with spa- 
cious warehouses, good railway 
connections, and deep water 
for the largest vessels. The 
great dry dock, nearly a 
quarter of a mile long, gives 
the port unsurpassed facili- 
ties for repairing steamships. 
During the World War the 
national government pur- 
chased the dry dock, and also 
built a great navy base ad- 
joining, with piers and ware- 
houses. Plans are drawn for another ex- 
tensive system of piers between East Boston 
and the harbor entrance, where land is now 
being reclaimed by raising the mud flats 
above high-tide level with clay pumped by 
dredges from the ship channel and anchorage 
basins. 

Several American ports surpass Boston 
in total exports, being nearer the great pro- 
ductive regions, but Boston ^^^ ^^^^ ^ ^ 
has a rich variety of exports, eign and do- 
the products of New England ™^^ "^ 
factories. Most exports go to northern 



THE GEOGTJ APin' OF NEW ENGLAND 



S3 




Fig. 66. — " Boston has a fine natural harbor." 



Pholo by Gio. H. navU. Jr. 



Europe. Imports, however, come from all 
continents in more equal measure, and con- 
sist mainly of the various fibers and other 
raw materials used in our industries. The 
demand is so great that Boston is second only 
to New York in the value of its imports. 

Wool is the leading import. At the end 
of the World War Boston surpassed even 
London as a wool market. The costly stocks 
of wool, stored in great warehouses beside 
the harbor, are gathered from the North 
Central and Western states, from Australia, 
New Zealand, South Africa, and Argentina, 
in fact from all the world. They offer so 
wide a range of choice that they attract buy- 
ers regularly from all American textile centers 
and at times from Europe, for here a pur- 
chaser may select wool of just the quality 
he needs. The offices of more than a hun- 



dred important firms engaged in the sale of 
wool are grouped near the South Station. 

Because New England mills make fine cot- 
ton fabrics, Boston imports more Egyptian 
and Peruvian cotton than any other Ameri- 
can port, and it also exports some American 
cotton. Brokers have agents in the Southern 
States buying up cotton, which is sold in 
Boston from samples and then shipped direct 
to the mill from the cotton gins. Banks 
loan the money to purchase the cotton, and 
receive it back with interest when the mills 
have made the fiber into cloth. 

Boston therefore is a great financial center, 
not only investing capital to establish mills, 
but also supplying that which is needed for 
their transactions. One of the twelve Fed- 
eral Reserve banks is in Boston ; to this 
bank all New England national banks, except 



54 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 




Fig. 67. — "Wool is the leading import." — Massachusetts Wharf, 
where ships unload their cargoes of wool. 

those of Connecticut, are related. Many 
national banks, as well as trust companies 
under state control, are in the business 
district, convenient 
to merchants and 
manuf ac tur ers 
whose working cap- 
ital is deposited with 
them. The banks 
aid foreign trade 
also, and the First 
National Bank of 
Boston, with a 
branch in Buenos 
Ayres and active 
bank accounts in 
the principal cities 
abroad, has next to 
the largest foreign 
business of all the 
banks in the coun- 
try. The banks ad- 
just their indebt- 
edness through the 
Boston Clearing 




Fig. 68. 



Boston Custom House, 
skyscraper. 



House, which ranks next to 
that of New York City in 
the number of checks han- 
dled. In the same portion of 
the city is the Boston Stock 
Exchange. Here too are the 
offices or agencies of the great 
insurance companies. 

Boston is the greatest 
American market for leather 
and leather goods. The tan- 
neries receive many skins and 
hides that are imported at 
Boston. Leather is shipped 
there from tanneries all 
over the country. A part 
of it is sold to factories out- 
side of New England. Some of the shoes 
made from this leather return to Boston 
for sale; in fact many shoe factories have 

Boston offices where 
their samples are 
displayed for ex- 
amination by pur- 
chasing agents from 
distant cities. Sim- 
ilarly most of the 
textile mills, ma- 
chine shops, and 
other New England 
factories have offices 
in Boston for sale of 
their products, al- 
though the business 
center for western 
Connecticut is New 
York City and many 
large corporations 
have offices in both 
cities. 

We have already 
noted that there 



Boston's only 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



55 



are great textile factories in and near Boston, 
and that it surpasses other New England 
Its varied cities in the production of foun- 
manufacturing dry and machine-shop products, 
in us les Similarly, many shoes are made 
in Boston as well as sold there, and it leads 
in the production of shoe findings and cut 
stock for sale to factories. Populous com- 
mercial cities always tend to become the seats 
of many and varied manufacturing plants 
because of the availability of materials and 
labor and the readv markets near at hand or 



which supply building materials and heating 
plants are especially numerous in Boston, 
where contracts for work all over New Eng- 
land are awarded. 

The preparation of good products for ship- 
ment and sale is more important in Boston 
and its immediate suburbs than any other 
single industry. Sugar is imported and 
refined here ; cocoa is imported and manu- 
factured, one chocolate factory being the 
largest in the world ; while the making of 
confectionery has become a great industry, 




Fig. 69. — A great factory in the Boston basin. 

easily reached. Thus a fourth of the man- 
ufacturing establishments of all Massachu- 
setts are in Boston, and the goods manufac- 
tured there far exceed in value those of any 
other city of New England. 

Boston leads other New England cities 
in important hnes of manufacture, notably 
in the production of clothing and in the pub- 
hshing and printing of books and periodicals. 
It is the chief center of the country for 
building pipe organs for churches and, with 
Cambridge, makes more than half the pianos 
and other musical instruments made in 
Massachusetts. While every growing city 
employs men of many trades in erecting 
buildings, architects, contractors, and firms 



Courtesy Waltham Watch Co. 

- Here the famous Waltham watches are made. 

surpassing that of other cities. Tea is im- 
ported and packed for sale ; coffee is 
imported, roasted, and ground ; spices are 
ground and packed. Although most cattle 
are slaughtered in Western cities, trainloads 
of hogs are sent to pork-packing houses 
in Somerville and Cambridge, adjoining 
Boston, to be killed and dressed for the New 
England market. In addition to hundreds 
of neighborhood bakeries there are great 
factories that make crackers or fresh bread 
and cake for distribution by automobile 
throughout the metropolitan region and, in 
fact, all New England. 

The surface of the lowland basin in which 
Boston lies is varied and determines the 



56 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



location of cities and homes. The glacier 
scoured the ledges of the rough rim ; hence 
Th d" b many of its rocky hills are still 
tion of popuia- wooded and the wilder portions 
Boston brsin ^^6 reserved for public parks. 

1. In Boston Within the basin the glacier de- 
^^°^" posited many drumlins. These 
rise from the mud flats of the harbor as 
islands, and form hills 

about the harbor head 
where many homes are 
located. On Beacon 
Hill is the State House, 
on the Charlestown hills 
the battle of Bunker 
Hill was fought. Since 
glacial times broad salt 
marshes have been built 
up along the rivers and 
behind barrier beaches. 
Areas of marsh and mud 
flats in Boston have 
been built up as val- 
uable " made land " for 
residences and ware- 
houses, but most marsh 
lands remain unoc- 
cupied. The harder 
basin rocks rise as hilly 
tracts south and west of 
Boston ; so residential 
districts are contin- 
uous there, except for 
the public lands of Franklin Park and the 
Arnold Arboretum, and such large private 
estates in Brookline and Newton as are not 
yet cut up into house lots. 

The large cities of Cambridge, Somerville, 

T .. Chelsea, and Everett adjoin Bos- 

2. In the ■' 

vicinity of ton on the north, across the 

oston Charles and Mystic rivers, but 

have separate governments. Charlestown, 




Fig. 70. — " On the Charlestown hills the 
battle of Bunker Hill was fought." — Bunker 
Hill Monument. 



Brighton, Roxbury, and Dorchester were 
annexed to Boston soon after the Civil War, 
Hyde Park recently. Brookline, although 
nearly inclosed by parts of Boston and 
larger than many cities, prefers a separate 
town government. 

Many cities and large towns are situated 
just within the rim of the basin and others 
along the radiating val- 
leys. The settlers 
cleared these level lands 
for farms ; when turn- 
pikes were built from 
Boston, villages grew 
beside them ; after rail- 
roads came, the villages 
changed to cities, the 
homes for people en- 
gaged in business in 
Boston and the seats of 
important industries. 
Within the rim are 
Lynn, Maiden, Med- 
ford, Waltham, Newton, 
Quincy, and several 
smaller centers ; just 
outside are Melrose, 
Woburn, and residential 
towns like Winchester, 
Wellesley, and Ded- 
ham. 

The leading indus- 
tries in the cities have 
already been studied. Despite other indus- 
the large built-up areas, the tries of the 
value of agricultural products °^*°° *^™ 
grown in Boston and its environs is high, 
for the near market for flowers and fresh 
vegetables at high prices makes intensive 
market gardening and the use of hotbeds and 
hothouses profitable. This is notably im- 
portant in Arhngton and other towns north- 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



57 



west of Boston. Steel ships 
are built at Fore River in 
Quincy, and there is a govern- 
ment arsenal at Watertown. 

Many problems resulting 
from the dense population 
„ , ,. , of the Boston 

Public works 

serving the basin have been 

Boston basin ^^j^^j . ^j^^ p^^_ 

vision of abundant pure water, 
the disposal of sewage, and 
the reservation of a park 
system to supplement local 
playgrounds. Near-by lakes pjg ^j 
could not store enough water 
or insure its purity. Boston 
built aqueducts from reservoirs as far west- 
ward as Lake Cochituate. One of the 
world's great reservoirs, in the upper basin 
of the Nashua River, stores water from the 
slopes southeast of Mount Wachusett. A 
Metropolitan Commission, appointed by the 
governor, administers the work for the 
nineteen towns and cities thus served. It 
also controls the Northern and Southern 
Sewerage Districts, whose great trunk sewers 
through the Mystic, Charles, and Neponset 
vallevs conduct the sewage from twentv-six 




' ' i.-rj CtiaTtit>er oj C'ommcTct 

"Steel ships are built at Fore River in Quincy." — An 
airplane view. 



cities and towns in the lowland and the val- 
leys at the north and carry it to the outer 
harbor. The same commission also directs 
the great system of public reservations of 
the jNIetropolitan Park System. These total 
over ten thousand acres in thirty-eight towns 
and cities, and are located on the upland 
border and along the river banks and the 
water front, with connecting parkways. 

Every morning many thousands of people 
pour forth from the South Station as trains 
come in quick succession from Tributary 




towns sur- 
rounding the 



CouTtesv Boston Cfjnmhfr of Commfrce 

Fig. 72. — The Widener Memorial Library, Hsirvard 
University, Cambridge. 



the south and west of Boston ; 
other thousands pass through basin 
the North Station from the valleys to the 
north and west. Very many come by trolley, 
hundreds more in automobiles. Business 
men and employees gather daily from homes 
twenty miles away. These outlying towns 
and cities have industries of their own, yet 
are closely related to Boston. Fleets of 
auto trucks bring to them such materials 
as great bundles of leather and stores of food 
supplies, and carry back to the Hub cases 
of manufactured goods and loads of farm 
produce. From all these communities people 



58 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



go to Boston to shop and for amusement and 
instruction. Industrially and socially, Boston 
extends throughout the metropohtan district. 
The industries of this outer Boston are 
nearly as varied as those of the Hub itself ; 
indeed some, like the Dennison factory in 
Framingham, have removed from Boston to 
points where operatives could purchase vil- 
lage homes. Cotton goods are produced at 
Salem ; cordage at Plymouth ; rattan fur- 
niture at Wakefield ; books at Nonvood ; 



shoes are a specialty, for example at Salem 
and Beverly and especially at Lynn. 

There are many summer homes for Boston 
people within easy reach of the city. They 
look seaward along the bold shores from 
Cape Ann to Plymouth, and cluster about 
the harbors, as at Marblehead, and beside 
the bathing beaches, as at Revere. There 
are cozy camps beside every little lake, while 
homes of the wealthy have replaced the 
simple farm buildings in many towns. 




Fig- 73- — " The new buildings of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology are in Cambridge beside 

the Charles River." 



and straw goods in towns near Franklin. 
Years ago hats were made in this vicinity 
from braided straw, in imitation of those 
imported from Europe, and this household 
industry was later transferred to factories. 

The shoe and leather industries are most 
common. South from Boston in Brockton 
and more than a dozen near-by towns, such 
as Rockland, Weymouth, and Middle- 
boro, there are large factories for making 
fine shoes for men and boys. These are 
also made in Maynard, Framingham, Mil- 
ford, and other towns west of Boston, while 
Marlboro ranks as the fourth shoe city in 
New England. North of Boston women's 



Boston is a great educational center. 
Students come from many states and coun- 
tries. The colleges and profes- ^^„^g^^ ^^ 
sional schools which constitute schools in and 
Harvard University, in Cam- °^" °^ °° 
bridge, with Radchffe College for women, form 
a busy and populous community in them- 
selves. The new buildings of the Massachu- 
setts Institute of Technology are also in Cam- 
bridge beside the Charles River. Near by, 
Tufts College overlooks Medford from a 
drumUn hill. In Boston itself are Boston 
University, Simmons College for women, 
and Northeastern College of the Y. M. C. A. 
Within the metropolitan area are Boston Col- 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



59 



lege, and Wellesley College for 
women. State normal schools 
are situated at Bridgewater, 
Framingham, and Salem, and 
within Boston itself is the 
Boston Normal College, main- 
tained by the city. The State 
Normal Art School and pri- 
vate schools of music and the 
fine arts are in Boston near 
the rich collections of the 
great Art Museum and the 
noble building of the Boston 
Public Library, which has one 
of the most valuable collec- 
tions of books in the coun- 
try. In and near Boston 
there are also many schools for special 
purposes. 

The Comiecticut Valley lowland. — In the 
Boston basin population centers about the 




Fig- 74- 





Fig- 75- — " The tall tower and great public auditorium at the civic 
center beside the Connecticut River in Springfield." (p. 63.) 



" Within the metropolitan area is Wellesley College for 
women." 



harbor and along routes leading to it. Like- 
wise the cities of the long Connecticut low- 
land are beside watercourses or „, ,. ... 

The distribu- 

railways. Here also the largest, tion of popu- 
New Haven, is '^^°° 
situated at tidewater. Thence 
in Colonial times meat and 
lumber were shipped to 
the West Indies, and after 
the Revolution the China 
trade grew to large im- 
portance. When the Civil 
War checked foreign com- 
merce, manufacturing became 
the leading interest here, for 
coastwise trade supplies 
materials and distributes fac- 
tory products, and extensive 
railway repair shops are lo- 
cated here. Since the Con- 
necticut River reaches the 
sea by way of a narrow 
valley worn through hare/ 
upland rocks, there is no city 
below Middletown ; for there 



^IL^ii iioslvn c 



6o 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



the river leaves the lowland. (What 
changes in sea and land transportation 
turned this river port from its early 
Colonial leadership in commerce to manu- 
facturing?) Hartford, the capital of Con- 
necticut, owes much of its earlier growth to 
its position at the head of river navigation, 
for this favored the establishment of exten- 




LuufUsy bosiuti C'liamber of Commerce 

Fig. 76. — • The canal at Holyoke. 

sive and varied manufacturing industries. 
However, as a trading and business center 
to-day it is dependent on land routes, the 
steam and electric railways and the state 
highways that radiate from it through the 
rich agricultural lowland to many factory 
towns. 

The third city in size in this valley is 
Springfield, in Massachusetts, where two 
tributary valleys lead highways and rail- 



ways to a natural center for trade, and where 
varied industries are established. The at- 
tractive town of Greenfield at the northern 
end of the lowland is similarly situated be- 
tween the Deerfield and Millers rivers. 

Where the rivers have cut away the sands 
of the flood-plain terraces to ledges beneath, 
water power has given rise to manufactur- 
ing cities. Holyoke, where 
the Connecticut itself is 
dammed, is the largest, while 
Chicopee, Northampton, and 
Westiield are on tributaries. 
Water power is less impor- 
tant in Connecticut ; New 
Britain and Meriden are situ- 
ated where railways cross the 
lowland through gaps in the 
ridges. There are busy fac- 
tories also in Wallingford, 
Bristol, and other railway 
towns in this region. 

This long lowland has ample 
room for city growth ; its 
three chief commercial cen- 
ters need no suburbs in up- 
land valleys, so Orange and 
Athol, Palmer and Ware are 
merely the largest manufac- 
turing towns on tributaries in 
Massachusetts that lead to 
valley trade centers. Man- 
chester and Rockville, near Hartford, are 
also in a valley of the eastern upland. 

There is a great variety of manufacturing 
industries throughout this lowland. In 
Colonial days clocks, tinware, 
and " Yankee notions " 
made by hand in the southern 1 Manufac- 

turing 

valley towns for sale from ped- 
dlers' carts, while extension of railways over 
the lowland so stimulated production that 



The character- 
were istic industries 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



6i 



now over twelve hundred 
kinds of products are listed 
as regularly manufactured in 
Connecticut. The many fac- 
tories of nearly every city and 
industrial town in and near 
the lowland make a great 
variety of goods, although 
several cities are foremost in 
some one line. New Britain 
is the leading center for hard- 
ware and cutlery. Meriden 
produces silverware and more 
silver-plated ware than any 
other place in America. The 
United States Arsenal is in 
Springfield, and there are 
great private plants for mak- 
ing firearms and ammunition 
in the larger Connecticut 
cities and at Springfield and Chicopee. 

Holyoke is different. Instead of a slow 
development of various local industries to 




Fig. 77. 








Fig. 78. — "Truck gardens abound near the cities." 

string beans. 



In Massachusetts fields of onions are common in some 
river towns." 



large importance, outside capital built the 
dam and canals, the great textile and paper 
mills, and the related machine shops ; it is 
therefore a mill city. It 
leads in the manufacture of 
fine paper from rags, an in- 
dustry which is important 
also in other cities and towns 
within or near the Con- 
necticut lowland. Rags are 
received from the near-by 
seaports and great cities, and 
the water of this section is 
finely adapted to paper manu- 
facture. In the paper mills 
the rags are sorted and freed 
from buttons and dust, then 
cut, boiled, and soaked in 
chemicals until they form a 
mass of pure white pulp. 
This is washed, ground finer 
still, colored to the shade 




ulturat Chemical Co 

- Harvesting 



62 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



desired, and then made into paper. The 
sheets are dried, rolled smooth, cut to size, 
and prepared for sale to be used in cor- 
respondence or in account books, or to be 
printed as bonds and stock certificates. 



prosperous farming region, for the soils are 

level and free from bowlders, and the climate 

is milder than on the uplands, 

while near-by cities and railways 

make it easy to market products. Truck 



2. Agricultural 



Over half the fine paper of the country is gardens and dairy farms abound near the 

made in western Massachusetts. cities. Some farms raise garden seeds. In 

There are paper and textile mills at Massachusetts fields of onions are common 

Northampton and Westfield, but these cities in some river towns, and there are thrifty 

apple orchards on the hilly 
slopes of the upland. When 
late frosts blight fruit buds 
on the lowland, trees on the 
hills often escape. For this 
reason productive peach 
orchards have been developed 
among the hills bordering the 
lowland in Connecticut. 

The broad-leaved tobacco 
plant is here the most valu- 
able crop. Though the heavy 
soils of the lowest terraces, 
containing clay and fine silt, 
retain moisture and give large 
yields of heavy, coarse to- 
bacco, the light sandy soils 
of higher terraces are most 
used, for when heavily fer- 
tiUzed they produce a hght- 
colored, thin-textured leaf of 
the best quality for cigar 
wrappers. Much is grown 
also have the varied interests characteristic on the river terrace soils from Middletown 
of Connecticut. Long ago a Westfield man to Northfield, more being grown in Connecti- 
cut willow whips for passing teamsters ; cut than farther north in Massachusetts, 
from such homely start has grown a great The tourist finds beautiful scenes every- 
whip-making industry. There are great where in the valley. Some towns retain 
mills for spinning silk in Northampton, broad grassy commons, bor- signs of pros- 
Silk cloth of high quality is also woven at dered by stately elms that over- P^"*y 
the mills in South Manchester, near Hart- arch the old Colonial houses. Even the 
ford (p. 25). largest city, New Haven, is known as the 

Between the cities of this lowland is a Elm City because of the beautifully shaded 




Fig. 79. 



Courtesy Boston Char 

Much tobacco is grown on the river terrace soils in the 
Connecticut Valley." 



THE GEOGRAPHY OE NEW ENGLAND 



63 




Fig. 80. — " In Hartford are the great buildings that house the home offices of many important insurance 

companies." 



Streets about the central green. The scat- 
tered cities of this lowland have their own 
parks instead of a metropolitan park system, 
but the fine highways and country roads 
of the valley are virtually connecting park- 
ways. The cities have modern buildings of 
which they are justly proud, for example 
the tall tower and great pubhc auditorium 
at the civic center beside the Connecticut 
River in Springfield. In Hartford the state 
capitol stands in the central park ; near by 
are the great buildings that house the home 
offices of many important insurance com- 
panies, for Hartford is one of the largest 
insurance centers of the country. 

There are many famous educational in- 
stitutions throughout the length and breadth 
of the lowland, a source as well as a product 
of its prosperity. Yale University, at New 
Haven, is one of the oldest institutions of 



America, a rival of Harvard. Trinity Col- 
lege is at Hartford, Wesleyan University at 
Middletown. At Amherst is a famous old 
classical college, ^Ajnherst College, and also the 
Massachusetts Agricultural College. Near 
by are two colleges for women. Mount 
Holyoke College at South Hadley and Smith 
College at Northampton. There are state 
normal schools at New Haven, New Britain, 
and Westfield, and famous academies and 
private schools of high standing in other 
towns and cities. 

The Narragansett basin. — The largest 
city of the Narragansett basin. Providence, 
is a seaport where a tidal chan- _, ^ , 

' _ _ The seat of a 

nel reaches far inland, as in the dense popuia- 
other lowlands that we have *'°" 
studied. As in the neighborhood of Boston, 
there are many manufacturing and residen- 
tial communities on the railway lines and 



64 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 




Fig. 8i. — joiiii M Greene Hall, Smith College. 



State highways that radiate from this com- 
mercial center. Several of these are ad- 
joining cities and towns — Pawtucket, Cen- 
tral Falls, East Providence, Cranston — 



while a succession of mill 
villages extends out along 
the Pawtuxet River in War- 
wick, and others extend north 
along the Blackstone to 
Woonsocket. The group re- 
calls Greater Boston in 
density of settlement, for four 
fifths of the people of Rhode 
Island live here, and within 
the metropolitan district of 
Providence as established by 
the state there are a half- 
million people. Here too it 
is necessary to bring water 
from the uplands, and a great 
reservoir is being constructed 
on the headwaters of the Paw- 
tuxet. All the surplus water will be used to 
generate electricity, which will be sold for 
power as at the Wachusett Reservoir in 
Massachusetts. The sewage system has 




Fig. 82. — The Civic Center, Providence. 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



6S 



1. Its harbor 
and its com- 
merce 



been extended into the suburbs here as at 
Boston, and there is an extensive system of 
parks and parkways. 

Providence had an extensive commerce 
in Colonial times, but Boston's better rail- 
Providence way connections with the West 
and its deeper harbor facing 
Europe centered New England 
commerce there. The work of Samuel Slater 
turned Rhode Island capital to textile manu- 
facturing and made this the leading industry 
of the Narragansett lowland. Now com- 
merce is being fostered again 
as an aid to industry. A 
channel thirty feet deep has 
been dredged, a dry dock and 
a repair pier have been con- 
structed, and steamers of the 
Fabre Line between southern 
Europe and New York take 
on cargo at the state pier at 
Providence. There are several 
steamship lines to Atlantic 
ports ; coal, lumber, wool, 
cotton, and other raw ma- 
terials are received, and manu- 
factured products are taken 
to New York. One line from 
New York plies to Pawtucket. 
Great steamers bring fuel oil 
from Mexico and Texas to Providence, which 
is the nearest New England port and which 
is becoming the most important oil distrib- 
uting center on the Atlantic coast. 

While Boston is primarily commercial, 
Providence is mainly industrial. The value 
of its mill products is half the 
total for the state. The early 
mills were at near-by power sites, but when 
coal largely superseded water power great 
milh were built near the wharves. While the 
manufacture of worsted goods is most im- 



portant, there are many cotton mills and 
extensi\c bleaching, dying, and printing 
works. Tlie production of machinery is 
important as in other mill cities, but in the 
variety of its metal manufactures Providence 
is like the cities of the Connecticut lowland. 
Machine tools of finest quality, screws, files, 
and like products are made in large factories. 
Providence is still more famous for its manu- 
facture of jewelry, in which industrj^ many 
firms share, and for the production of silver- 
ware. These latter industries have extended 




2. Its indus- 
tries 



Fig. 83. — Brown University, Providence. 

across the state line to Massachusetts towns 
of the lowland, where production of less 
expensive jewelry has made Attleboro and 
North Attleboro large and prosperous towns. 
A large factory in Taunton makes silverware. 
The Narragansett lowland resembles the 
Connecticut valley in being much larger 
than the Boston basin, but it _ „ 

The Massa- 

is broad rather than long, and is chusetts cities 
half submerged like that at Bos- ''^^^i^^^Z" 
ton. Since larger rivers enter 
near the eastern and western upland borders 



66 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 




Courfeity New Balford Board nf t'ommrrrf 

Fig. 84. — " New Bedford, a harbor outside the Narragansett basin." — Note the whalers and barrels of whale 

oil in the foreground. 



there are two branches of the bay with 
steamer channels. Certain important cities 
of this lowland are beyond the Hmits of metro- 
politan Providence, across the state line in 
Massachusetts. You are already acquainted 
with the leadership of Fall River in cotton 
manufacturing, and the more recent develop- 
ment of textile mills at New Bedford, a 
harbor outside the Narragansett basin. 
Taunton, at the head of 
navigation above Fall 
River, successfully con- 
tinues the manufacture of 
stoves and furnaces, es- 
tablished long ago with 
native ores. Its varied 
products recall those of 
Connecticut cities. Brock- 
ton and neighboring towns 
are within the Narragan- 
sett lowland, but their in- 
terests ally them with the 
cities of the Boston basin. 

While several towns of 
the lowland between Provi- 
dence and Fall 
The farms . , , 

River, m both 

Rhode Island and Massa- 



chusetts, share in the textile, jewelry, or 
foundry industries, agriculture is impor- 
tant in this region, as in the Connecticut 
lowland. Near Providence, especially in 
Cranston, there are large market gardens. 
Dairy farms are found near the cities, and 
milk is also brought to Providence from far 
out on the lowland and from back on the 
upland. Small fruits are raised in Bristol 




ouru^y bail liivtr Vhambir 0] CorrtmeTct 



Fig. 85. — " You are already acquainted with the leadership of Fall 
River in cotton manufacturing." — American Printing Co. and Iron 
Works MiUs at left. 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



67 






County, whose Dighton straw- 
berries are well known. Poul- 
try farms are numerous, espe- 
cially in towns between the 
bay and New Bedford. 

The breadth of the Narragan- 
sett lowland gives the bay itself 
The islands— importance. The 
Newport Iqw hiUs of the 

former lowland are now broad 
islands, devoted to farming. 
The granite ledges at the 
outer end of Aquidneck, or 
Rhode Island, afford a fine 
harbor. Here Newport was 
settled and early developed a 
large foreign commerce. Al- 
though this was lost to main- 
land ports, the national govern- 
ment maintains a torpedo station here and a 
training station for naval apprentices. Yachts 
from New York often anchor here, for New- 
port is the most famous and fashionable coast 
resort of the country. Many stately dwell- 
ings, the summer homes of wealthy people of 
New York and other cities, overlook the 




Fig. 86. 




!ir!f-if l.i'U'il cnamh<'r of CommeTCe 



Fig. 87. — " Lowell, with a hundred great mills, is 
known as the city of spindles." — The Massa- 
chusetts Cotton Mills. 



l-}.ntn h'j linsron A Mctue R. R. 

' Many stately dwellings overlook the ocean along the 
Cliff Walk." — Newport, Rhode Island. 



ocean along the Cliff Walk. Narragansett 
Pier and many points on the islands and 
shores of the bay are frequented by summer 
visitors and residents, as are the beaches of 
Boston harbor and the neighboring upland 
shores. 

Fishing fleets still use Newport wharves, 
since its outer harbor is convenient to the 
fishing grounds of the warm The fishing 
waters south of Cape Cod, and ^''"^'^ 
the catch can be shipped by rail or steamer 
to New York and Boston for the morning 
markets. Fish are taken in many fish traps 
in the bay and its shallows have been famous 
for shellfish — scallops, oysters, and clams. 
To foster the industry the state has main- 
tained lobster- and fish-hatching stations, 
and has leased grounds for oyster beds. 
Nevertheless the industry has declined be- 
cause of the growth of population and con- 
sequent pollution of the waters. 

The Merrimac Valley. — The largest city 
of each of the three lowlands that we have 



68 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



Cities 



studied is a seaport. Newburyport, how- 
ever, at the mouth of the Merrimac River, 
is the smallest of all the older 
cities of the Merrimac Valley. 
This valley is nowhere very broad, and 
toward its mouth the river winds among 
drumlin hills and other glacial deposits. 
Thus it has no wide bay, like the lowlands, 
and the tides sweep the sands of Plum Island 



stream, it is close to Lowell and shares its 
commercial advantages. The state capital, 
Concord, and the smaller industrial cities of 
Laconia and Franklin are farther up the 
river, but it is only the portion from Man- 
chester to the sea that is densely settled 
and that resembles the Connecticut lowland 
below Holyoke. 

The leading industries were determined 



across its outlet and exclude deep-draught by the presence of abundant water power 
ocean vessels. The larger cities are situated near Boston. Dams were less 

costly than that 
at Holyoke on the broader 
Connecticut, and large lakes 
at the headwaters of the 
Merrimac favor a steady 
stream flow. Boston capital 
therefore started the textile 
industry here nearly as early 
as that of the Narragansett 
lowland. Lowell, with a 
hundred great mills, is known 
as the City of Spindles. Law- 
rence and Manchester have 
some of the largest mill build- 
ings of the world ; no other 
river supplies power to so 
many spindles and looms, 
some distance inland along the lower course Cotton is spun and woven in each large city 
of the river. Lowell, situated where the and by many mills on tributaries. Woolen 
river turns eastward, is the largest of these goods are produced in towns as well as cities. 




Courtesy Lowell Chamber of Commerce 

Fig. 88. — Memorial Auditorium, Lowell. 



cities. No large tributary enters below it ; 
falls here afford a good head of water for 
power ; the open valleys afford easy com- 
munication with the Boston basin by road, 
canal, and railway. Lawrence is situated at 
the lowest power site on the river ; with the 
adjoining mill communities of Methuen and 
the Andovers it rivals Lowell. Nashua ranks 
second only to Manchester in size among 
New Hamj)shire cities, for, though situated 
at a power site on a tributary of the main 



Lawrence leads in the manufacture of worsted 
cloth, surpassing even Providence, and there 
are worsted mills in both Lowell and Man- 
chester. There are carpet mills at Lowell 
and Lawrence, a mill for linen twines and 
shoe thread at Andover, and mills for knit- 
ting underwear and hosiery in many cities 
and towns. 

The leather and metal industries are also 
important. Haverhill was one of the centers 
of supply for the early shoemakers in little 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



69 



village and farm shops, and, since it is at 
the head of navigation for coal barges, 
modern shoe factories have prospered there. 
It has long led in the manufacture of slippers 
and women's low shoes, and has recently in- 
creased its output in other lines. There are 
shoe factories in Newbury]3ort and in each 
city between it and Manchester. One series 
of New Hampshire factories is now part of 
a system operated by a large shoe corpora- 
tion of the Middle West. 

Because of the great textile interests, the 
construction and repair of mill machinery is 
an important industry in each city. A trunk 
railway line follows the valley and branches 
lead along tributaries, so there are great 
repair shops at Concord and near Lowell, 
while locomotives are built in Manchester 
and cars at Laconia. Following the tend- 
ency of industries to diversify in large cities, 
where skilled workers, materials, and 
markets are available, many other metal 
goods are produced, from silverware at New- 
buryport to needles in New Hampshire 
centers. The great cartridge factory near 
Lowell recalls the munition works of 
cities from Chicopee to New Haven, for the 
Merrimac cities repeat in new combination 















h'lini'ir if Commerce 



Fig. 90. 



• A modern business block, Manchester, 
New Hampshire. 



Education 



Fig. 89. - Dartmouth Hall. Dartmouth College, 
Hanover, New Hampshire. 



the industries of the lowlands, just as the 
terraced levels of the rather narrow valley, 
and its thick-set towns and cities, are similar 
to the Connecticut Valley in surface and 
population. 

There is, however, no college in the valley. 
The prosperity of the broad lowlands is of 
earlier date than that of mill 
cities in narrow valleys, and the 
colleges of southern New England, with Dart- 
mouth College on the upper Connecticut, 
long met the needs of the Merrimac Valley. 
The many old private schools of high rank, 
such as Bradford Academy at Haverhill for 
girls, Phillips Andover Academy near Law- 
rence and .St. Paul's school at Concord for 
l)oys, and Tilton Seminary for both boys and 
girls, show that education was valued here 
from early days. Lowell has a state normal 



7° 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



school and a textile school of collegiate 
rank, receiving state aid, which trains mill 
superintendents, chemists, designers, and 
other industrial experts. The Massachusetts 
legislature has provided for a course in tan- 
ning at this school, although tanneries in 
and near Lowell are fewer than those about 
IVabody. 

/ The upland belt bordering the lowlands. — 

"A belt some fifty miles wide between the 

Tu J ^-1 higher uplands and the lowland 

The industrial ° _ ^ 

cities in the basins corresponds to the 
®^^ southern Piedmont. The val- 

leys of this belt that adjoin the three densely 




Courtesy Wurccslcr cli'imlttr uf Commerce 

Fig. 91. — "In Worcester there is Clark University." 



populated lowland basins share their life. 
Populous towns have developed about mills 
beside the rivers or around groups of factories 
along the many railways which lead to the 
great commercial centers. 

If from the great mills and bleacheries 
of metropolitan Providence one turns north- 
ward among the upland hills, one sees cotton- 
mill villages along the Blackstone River, 
then many yarn mills and other textile 
plants at the city of Woonsockct, with foun- 
dries, machine shops, and rubber factories, 



much as at Providence. Beyond, in Massa- 
chusetts, there are occasional woolen and 
cotton mills. Westward from the Narra- 
gansett lowland one mill village succeeds 
another until only the brooks and farms of 
the upland remain. But when railway and 
highway descend a tributary toward the 
Quinebaug Valley in Connecticut, there are 
once more cotton mills, bleacheries, and dye 
works, woolen and worsted mills, whether 
one follows the river to tidewater at Norwich 
or north to Webster, Southbridge, and 
smaller industrial towns of Massachusetts. 
The largest Webster textile plant still bears 
the name of S. Slater & Sons, 
the founders of American 
cotton factories ; for many of 
these mills were estabhshed 
a century ago by industrial 
leaders who invested capital 
that had been gained at Narra- 
gansett ports in developing 
and using inland water power. 
Farther north, in Massa- 
chusetts, there are cotton mills 
at some larger power sites, as 
in Fitchburg, Chnton, and 
Palmer, but the numerous 
smaller textile mills on head- 
water streams make woolen 
goods. Still farther north in Massachusetts 
and New Hampshire there are factories pro- 
ducing woodenware, such as tubs and pails, 
chairs, spools, rakes, and wheelbarrows. In 
some cases the industry has developed into the 
production of such specialties as toys, bas- 
kets, or baby carriages ; and at Gardner, on 
the upland, there are large factories for rattan 
furniture. In river towns and cities, from 
near the New Hampshire-Massachusetts 
border northward, there are mills which 
produce wood pulp or fiber board. Occa- 



THE GKOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



71 



Trade centers 



sionally there are factories making various 
types of machinery, such as woodworking 
machinery, or specialties in cutlery and hard- 
ware. 

Worcester, the " Heart of the Common- 
wealth," is the trade center for central Massa- 
chusetts. Situated in the upper 
valley of the Blackstone, at the 
border of the higher upland on its west, and 
about equally distant from Boston and 
Springfield, Providence, and 
Lowell, it is a natural center 
for important railway lines. 
Since it lies at the western 
angle of the diamond-shaped 
district of dense industrial 
population in eastern Massa- 
chusetts and Rhode Island, 
its factories supply machinery 
to the mills of the lowland 
cities. There are also many 
factories like those of the 
lowlands — cotton and woolen 
mills, bleacheries, and shoe fac- 
tories. It makes also goods 
typical of Connecticut cities, 
such as hardware and cor- 
sets, and the long list of prod- 
ucts to be expected in a large 
city of this region, for Wor- 
cester is the third city of New England. 

The development of industries at natural 
trade centers has given rise to numerous 
smaller cities on the upland. Several val- 
leys and railways meet in Connecticut where 
the Air Line railway passes across the up- 
lands from Boston to New York, but it is 
the cotton thread and sewing silk made there 
that make the name of Willimantic fa- 
mihar. 

In New Hampshire the roads and railways 
of several tributary valleys center in the fer- 



tile basin of the Ashuelot River, giving Keene 
the advantages of good soil, the trade of 
villages on valley roads, and water power 
— first from local streams, now from the 
Connecticut ])y wire. Local enterprise has 
established varied manufactures of textiles, 
shoes, machinery and finer metal goods from 
imported materials, and woodenware and 
mica from resources of the uplands. WTiile 
Keene is a small city, it is yet the largest 







Fig. 92. 



CuuTlcxy jrorr(\v(tr Chutnber uf Commerce 

"Worcester is the third city of New England." — Main 
Street, looking north. 



center within the Connecticut basin north 
of Massachusetts. 

In New York state there is a belt of dense 
population along the lowland transpor- 
tation line of the New York centers of 
Barge (Erie) Canal and Hudson population 

T3- c 1 . • -1 1 along the 

River. Somewhat smularly tmnk-iine 
there are large towns and cities railroads 
along the line of railway that brings Western 
products through the Hoosac Tunnel and 
across the uplands to Boston. The largest 
is Fitchburg, where a stream descends rapidly 



72 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



in a narrow valley over the dams of cotton, 
worsted, and paper mills and past machine 
shops and foundries. Down the valley are 
the mills and comb factories of Leominster, 
westward the chair town of Gardner on the 
upland, and the machine shops of Athol and 
Orange toward the Connecticut. There are 
large towns also along the Boston and Albany 
Railroad, both east and west of Worcester. 
This is in contrast to the arrangement of 
large towns and cities along north-and-south 
valleys elsewhere in New England. 



quarries, the ujiland towns must lind pros- 
perity by developing their farms to sup- 
ply dairy and poultry, garden and wood- 
land products to meet lowland needs. 

The higher uplands. — As we learned on 
pages 33-41, the problem of restoring farm 
prosperity in New England is . . 
an acute one. The uplands of 1. The aban- 
the Berkshire Hills, those west <'<>°«'i ^"""^ 
of the Merrimac River, and the Green Moun- 
tains attain elevations of from 1,000 to more 
than 3,000 feet above the sea. Farms on the 




Photo tiv Boston .t Maine R. R. 



Fig. 93. — Mt. Washington, in the White Mountains. 



Education 



While many youth of the uplands attend 
the great universities and famous schools 
of the lowlands, educational 
advantages are not lacking in 
the upland valleys. In Worcester there are 
Clark University, the Worcester Polytechnic 
Institute, and Holy Cross College. Worcester, 
Willimantic, and Keene are natural centers 
for normal schools, and one at Fitchburg 
serves north central Massachusetts. The 
Connecticut Agricultural College is near Wil- 
limantic, on the upland, for aside from the 
mills of riverside villages, and scattered 



upland are isolated, cold, and bleak in win- 
ter, and their crop season is limited by frosts. 
Arable lands in many of the lesser valleys 
occupy narrow areas between the pastures 
and the woodlots of the valley slopes. From 
northern Massachusetts the Green Moun- 
tains form a belt of rugged and forested 
highlands ten or more miles in width. 
North of Mount Monadnock in New Hamp- 
shire groups of wooded peaks occupy more 
and more of the surface up to the White 
Mountains. Some villages here are thrifty 
and attractive ; yet there are abandoned 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW IINGLAND 



73 



farms on back roads and even 
deserted school districts and 
villages. 

Milk trains now traverse the 
valleys (p. 36), but many 
towns and farms lie well back 
2. The dairy from railway Hnes, 
industry gQ ^\-^^i creameries 

and cheese factories have 
sprung u]) in order that dairy 
products may be transported 
to advantage. In Vermont 
much of the milk is now con- 
densed or evaporated in fac- 
tories. Improved processes 
and machinery, under expert 
care, produce butter and 
cheese of high excellence, 
which command a higher price 
in the open market than similar products 
gathered from small farms. The cheese fac- 
tories are mainly in the southern third of 
Vermont, and most of the creameries are also 








I'fiofo by Boston •& Maine R. R 

Fig- 95- — " Vermont is the center of maple sugar production." 
Gathering the sap. 



Fig. 94. — A prosperous New England farm. 

in this state. The value of the butter pro- 
duced is many times that of the cheese. 

Northward of the forking of the Green 
Mountains in Vermont (see map), railways 

and highways 3 Farming in 

pass on easy ^"'"o"* 
grades through the valleys from 
east to west. There the surface 
is less irregular and there is 
more improved land and good 
pasturage, although rural 
population has decreased 
everywhere except on the level 
islands of Lake Champlain. 
The best grasslands and 
tillage are along the terraced 
intervales of the Connecticut, 
and in western Vermont where 
a broad lowland, occupied in 
large part by Lake Champlain, 
extends from Canada south- 
ward into the Hudson Valley. 
At the close of the glacial 



74 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



period northern New England was depressed 
and fertile clay soils were deposited in the 
shallow waters that then covered the lake 
shore lowlands and the Otter Creek Valley. 
Here the farms are large and yield abundant 
crops of hay and grain. Apples and other 




I'lmtu by Boston it- Moinc R. R. 



Fig. 96. — "The mills of Springfield, Vermont, 
are on a smaller stream where it descends to the 
main valley." 

fruits bring good returns along the shore of 
Lake Champlain, where westerly winds from 
over the water delay blooming until spring 
frosts are past. (See main text, p. 56.) 

On the uplands hay for the dairy herds 
is the leading crop. There are occasional 
small flocks of sheep, raised mainly for mut- 
ton. Wool was once an important export, 
the crops being fed to sheep as well as to 
cattle. Vermont was then famous for 
Merino sheep and Morgan horses, sold from 
its stock farms to other states. Its dairy 



herds are of high grade to-day, and horse 
breeding is still carried on on some farms. 
The most characteristic product of the up- 
lands, however, is maple sugar. While snow 
still covers the rocky slopes in upland maple 
orchards, periods of clear skies in early 
spring, with warm sunhght following frosty 
nights, give the conditions necessary to ac- 
tive flow of the maple sap. Vermont is the 
center of maple sugar production. 

Wliile the uplands and valleys are dis- 
tinctively rural and form the farming region 
of New England, their farm prod- Manufactiu-- 
ucts are of less value than the "'S 
output of quarries and of mills in the valley 
towns. The tourist following the Connect- 
icut River highways comes to many towns 
which form trade centers for the tributary 
valleys, where water power has occa- 
sioned industrial growth. Brattleboro, with 
its great factories for reed organs, is at the 
junction of the West River. At Bellows 
Falls there are paper mills and shops making 
machinery for creameries and for farms. 
The mills and machine shops of Claremont 
and Lebanon, New Hampshire, and of 
Springfield, Vermont, are on smaller streams 
where they descend to the main valley. 
Below Lancaster the Connecticut turns from 
its pre-glacial course into the Androscoggin 
and now flows westward across the old di- 
vide. No railway follows this new valley 
and industrial towns are on the tributary 
streams. St. Johnsbury is at a valley and 
railway center on the ancient headwaters 
of the Connecticut, now the Passumpsic. 
Here has been developed the largest scales 
factory anywhere in operation. 

Where smaller streams gather to form the 
Winooski is situated the trade center of 
Montpelier, a natural choice for the state 
capital. Its prosperity and, even more. 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



75 



that of Barre are dependent 
upon their quarries of fine 
gray monumental granite, the 
" Rock of Ages." There are 
no other cities between the 
dividing ranges of the Green 
Mountains, for trade and in- 
dustry seek the fertile west- 
ern lowlands. Following the 
Winooski, or any one of the 
four valleys leading to Lake 
Champlain, one reaches the 
central lake port of Burlington. 
Its history recalls that of early 
seaport cities, for years ago the 
goods received there from 
steamers and by canal boats 
from the St. Lawrence and 
Hudson valleys were sent on 
to valley and upland towns 
in great eight-horse wagons, 
lumber and woodworking mills are found in 
some towns of the higher upland valleys, few 




CourlLSi/ Boston Chamber of Commfrce 

Fig. 97. — '■ St. Johnsbury is at a valley and railway center on the 
ancient headwaters of the Connecticut, now the Passumpsic." 



While small 



have developed specialized industries as on 
the lower eastern uplands. Burhngton, how- 
ever, was long a leading .\merican lumber 



T" 




.^^C8t 





^»n■ 



mm 



I'holo by Boston 4 Maine R. li. 



Moiiipelier, a natural chuice fur the sUle capital." 



76 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



market, milling Canadian lumber for dis- 
tribution, and its factories still make doors, 
sashes, blinds, screens, shade rollers, and 
refrigerators. Long the main trade center 
for the Vermont uplands, it has large whole- 
sale and retail stores and varied manufac- 
tures. There are cotton mills in Burlington 
and woolen mills across the river at 
Winooski. 

Industrial towns are few. Near Canada 
is St. Albans, seat of the offices and shops of 
the Central Vermont Railway and of manu- 
facturing interests, still a growing city al- 




Fig. 99. — " Over half the marble used in 
the country comes from Vermont." 

though its great creamery was closed when 
trains began to carry Franklin County milk 
to Boston. In a valley in southern Ver- 
mont lies Bennington, with varied indus- 
tries — woolen and hosiery mills as across 
the state line in New York, mills for wooden- 
ware and paper as elsewhere within the up- 
lands, machine shops for scales, and knitting 
machinery. More central, in the Otter 
Valley, is Rutland, an important trade cen- 



ter, with factories for scales, farm tools, and 
refrigerators, like other Vermont cities and 
towns, but distinctive in its production of 
quarry machinery and as the business cen- 
ter for the great marble industry of near-by 
towns (see below). West of the uplands 
of New England and the southern Piedmont 
are valuable deposits of slates 
and beautifully colored rriarbles. 
The slate production of the Vermont towns 
along the New York border is exceeded only 
by that of Pennsylvania. The limestone 
and marble formation is east of the slate belt, 
across the Taconic Range. Vermont pro- 
duces more marble than any other state and 
nearly all the marble that is used for monu- 
ments. Quarries were opened soon after the 
Revolution, and over half the marble used 
in the country since that time has come 
from Vermont. 

The method of quarrying marble is in- 
teresting. On the level floors of the deep 
marble quarry pits are movable railways on 
which are channeling machines for cutting 
long, deep grooves in the marble floor by 
blows of vertical chisels. Series of holes 
are then drilled by another machine, mark- 
ing off the stone into blocks, which are 
separated by the use of iron wedges, since 
blasting would injure the marble. At 
the mills the blocks are sawn into slabs. 
For this purpose sand, borne by a stream of 
water, is ground against a block of marble 
by means of strips of soft iron held in a 
frame and moved back and forth with their 
edges on the stone. This wears narrow 
grooves that finally divide the block into 
slabs. With the aid of sand other machines 
turn and shape, smooth and polish the mar- 
ble, much as wood is turned smoothly on a 
lathe. 

Marbles have also been quarried in Berk- 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



77 



shire County, Massachusetts, 
and Umestone burned for Hme ; 
but since this district is near 
the lowland industrial centers 
and seaport cities the textile, 
high-grade paper, and machin- 
ery industries are of prime im- 
portance. 

The largest centers of pop- 
ulation of the higher uplands 
_^ , are where the two 

The larger 

lenters of pop- railway lines to 

"^^^^^ Boston cross the 

valley (see map). North 

Adams and Adams have large 

cotton and woolen mills and 

machine shops. Pittsfield has 

both textile mills and a great 

plant of the General Electric 

Company. Its mills make fine 

papers, while paper for bank notes is made 

in the adjoining town of Dalton. In towns 

south of Pittsfield, and especially at Lenox, 

the beautiful scenery has led wealthy people 





Education 



Fig. 100. — "On the level floors of the deep marble quarry pits are 
movable railways on which are channeling machines for cutting long, 
deep grooves in the marble floor by blows of vertical chisels." 



from New York to erect costly dwellings for 

summer or autumn homes. 

Colleges were established in the valleys 

of the higher uplands long ago. Dartmouth 
College is at Han- 
over, New Hamp- 
shire, on the Connecticut 
terraces ; Williams College is 
at Williamstown in the 
Hoosac Valley. The Uni- 
versity of Vermont is at Bur- 
lington, and Middlebury 
College is in the Otter VaUey. 
Norwich University ranks 
high as a military school. 
There is a state normal 
school in North Adams. 

The Connecticut uplands. 
— In Litchfield 



Fig. loi. — " Other machines turn and shape, smooth and polish tlie 

marble." 



Surface fea- 
County, Connect- tures and oc- 

icut, the uplands '="P^'^°'^^ 
rise to fifteen hundred feet 



78 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



in height at the northwest, with peaks still 
higher. Only one railway line crosses the 
highland from the Connecticut to the 
Hudson. As in Vermont, dairy farming 
is the leading industry of the upland 
towns, the milk going to New York or 



higher uplands, the Naugatuck Valley is 
close to the Connecticut lowland and con- 
nected with it by highways and railways. 
From early days its people shared the in- 
ventive spirit and business enterprise of 
industrial New England ; hence in every 



to valley towns. Like the near-by Connect- village and city from Winsted and Torring- 
icut lowland it is an apple-raising section, ton at its source, past Waterbury and 
and tobacco is grown on fertile valley lands. Naugatuck, and on to Ansonia and Derby, 
A deposit of kaolin is quarried for sale to there are busy factories and mills. The 
porcelain makers. Much of the feldspar- products are of many sorts — of cotton, 

wool, silk ; of wood, paper, 
rubber ; hardware, silverware, 
ammunition, tools, and 
machinery, just as in the 
Connecticut lowland. 

Waterbury, however, a rail- 
road center and the fourth 

city of Connect- chief centers 

icut, is the center "^ population 
of the brass industry of Amer- 
ica and is noted for its pro- 
duction of watches and clocks 
(p. 31). Because of continual 
improvement in designs, 
machines, and methods this 
industry continues in New 
England although the cost of 
labor is high. 

Danbury, a second railway 
center in the descending upland next the New 
York border, has been for over a century the 
leading community in the country for the 
manufacture of hats and caps. Machinery 
for cutting fur and for felting- and shaping it 
into hats is made here. 

The New England coast. — The uplands 
of Connecticut descend gently to the sea, 
so only the larger rivers have The coast of 
long tidal estuaries. Sands and e^it^S"*~ 
clays from the melting glacier industries 
filled the heads of many bays, forming plains 




Fig. 102. A portion of the campus of Williams College, WiUiams- 
town, Mass. This college, founded in 1793, is one of the best- 
known smaller colleges. 



mined and ground in the United States is 
from the Connecticut upland rocks, the 
most active quarries being near the lower 
Connecticut River. Limestone and asbes- 
tos are also quarried. The quiet beauty of 
Litchfield and other colonial towns of the 
upland is also an asset, attracting summer 
residents ; and as one nears New York City 
private boarding schools become frequent. 
Wliile manufacturing is no more impor- 
tant along the middle course of the Housa- 
tonic than in other narrow valleys of the 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



79 




Sewing machines are made in Bridgeport." — The great Bridgeport plant of the Singer 
Sewing Machine Company. 



which are easily cultivated. The growth 
of salt marshes has further reduced the size 
of the indentations, yet there are many small 
harbors of use to the motor and yachting 
fleets of summer residents. The New York, 
New Haven, and Hartford Railway connects 
the towns of Fairfield County so closely with 
New York City that they are within its outer 
residential district and share its stimulus to 
growth in industry and population. The 
dense population of the Connecticut lowland 
continues without break along the coast to 



New York City. Like those of the Con- 
necticut lowland and Naugatuck Valley, the 
cities of this coast have a great variety of 
products — textiles, machinery and tools, 
hardware and cutlery, and brass goods. 
Hats are made at Norwalk. 

Bridgeport is the second city of the state. 
It was an important Colonial port and now 
ranks as one of the great industrial centers 
near the port of New York. Many kinds 
of machinery are made here — sewing 
machines, talking machines, typewriters, elec- 




m^x. 



I'ir.a^'^i.ajt^ .-j^tt 




Fig. 104. 



The estuary of the Thames gives New London the best harbor on the sound." 



8o 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



trical apparatus, automobiles — and it partici- 
pates in many other Connecticut industries 
using brass, silver, rubber, cotton, silk, wood, 
and paper for manifold products. As a 
center for the manufacture of firearms and 
ammunition, its growth during the World 
War was very rapid. Since the munition 
factories were taken over after the war by cor- 
porations for the manufacture of other goods, 
the population of the city remains large. 

The coast cities from New Haven west- 
ward have the life and industry of ports as 



and commercial life follow the northern 
boundary of the lowland and only small 
villages and summer homes are found along 
the shore east of the mouth of the Connecti- 
cut. Farther east the northern moraine of 
Long Island appears only as islands leading 
to the Rhode Island shore, so the ports of 
New London and Stonington easily reach 
the open ocean. Years ago their whaUng and 
sealing fleets brought them prosperity, but 
to-day their production of textiles and 
machinery is much more important than 





Fig. 105. — Watch Hill, Rhode Island. 



Courtesy Boston Chamber of Commerce 



well as of industrial towns near a metropolis. 
Long ago ships were made here from local 
timber ; while in this day of steel ships the 
industry is gathered about the port of New 
York, motor boats and launches are built 
at these smaller harbors. Although shut 
away from ocean fisheries by Long Island, 
the sheltered and shallow waters of the sound 
favor the growth of oysters. These are 
dredged and brought to market at these 
western ports near New York. 

East of New Haven the coast is of the 
same character as to the west, irregular up- 
land shore separated by the sound from the 
moraines of Long Island. But industrial 



coastwise commerce or fisheries. The 
estuary of the Thames gives New London 
the best harbor on the Sound, so it is the 
seat of a naval training station and there are 
shipbuilding plants. 

East of Stonington to Narragansett Bay 
glacial moraine hills lie so near the border of 
the Rhode Island upland that the Glacial 
streams are turned westward, ^^^^^ 
uniting to form the Pawcatuck ^ ,, 

° 1. Along the 

River. Fresh water lakes and south shore 
extensive swamps lie between upland and 
moraine. The shore line railway from New 
York follows along the edge of the upland, 
where there are prosperous inland farms 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



8i 




Fig. 1 06. — " Cape Cod and lands back of the moraine in Plymouth Coimty surpass all other sections of 

the country in the production of the cranberry." 



and mills for woolens and worsteds at the 
power sites. The only port is Westerly, 
where the Pawcatuck enters the sound behind 
Watch Hill. Its connections by rail and 
water, its factories for textiles and machinery, 
and its granite quarries at tidewater have 
occasioned its growth. 

Farther east the moraine reappears as the 
Elizabeth Islands and the hills of the main- 
land from Woods Hole to Plymouth, while 
Buzzard's Bay partly separates it from the 
upland border. The north shore of this bay 
repeats features of the Connecticut shore : 
many small harbors, and summer homes ; 
quiet shore towns with poultry farms ; one 
busy city, New Bedford (p. 66). 

Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nan- 
tucket shared pioneer prosperity ; whale 
ships brought valuable catches 
and near-by of oil and bone to Nantucket, 
and every harbor of the cape 
shared the cod fisheries and foreign com- 
merce. Provincetown remains an important 



home port for schooners that lay trawls on 
the banks (p. 43), while men of many cape 
and island ports are engaged in the shellfish 
industry — raking oysters, tonging scallops, 
digging clams. The soils are not so fertile as 
to favor farming, and large areas are covered 
with a scrubby growth of trees ; yet while the 
census records a decHning population for 
most towns, every one has its summer colony ; 
for ocean breezes make the climate cooler 
than that of interior counties. 

In one product, however. Cape Cod and 
lands back of the moraine in Plymouth 
County surpass all other sections of the 
country — the cranberr)'. The rich black 
soil of the bogs in the glacial depressions is 
cleared of bushes and covered with sand to 
prevent the growth of weeds. Cranberry 
plants are set out, take root in the peaty 
soil, and cover the sand with a mat of vines 
that are crowded with dark red berries in 
September. Winds from the sea tend to 
prevent early frosts ; the beds are easily 



82 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 




Fig. 107. — "At Portland is a safe port for steamships which cross 
the Atlantic laden with grain received in winter from southern 
Canada." 



now be more cheaply de- 
livered in cities by auto- 
trucks from local brickyards ; 
but bricks are still made at 
yards in New Hampshire and 
southern Maine as well as 
at the claybeds of the Boston 
and Narragansett basins and 
along the Connecticut coast. 

The best harbor northeast 
of Boston is at Portland. 
This is a large, deep, safe, and 
ice-free port for steamships 
which cross the Atlantic to 
Liverpool laden with grain 
and other products received 
in winter from southern Can- 
ada by way of the Grand 
Trunk Railroad. Steamship 

flooded for protection in winter or to kill lines also connect Portland with the leading 

insect pests. American coast cities, and railroads radiate to 

North from Plymouth to Cape Ann the the manufacturing cities and towns at the falls 

coast is closely associated with the life of of the large rivers of Maine. There are rail- 
Boston, but thence northeast- road repair shops here, and dry docks for re- 
Ann to Port- ward it has char- 

'^""^ acteristics of its 

own. A glance at the map 

shows two divisions, one 

sHghtly indented, the other 

most irregular. From Cape 

Ann to Casco Bay there are 

many long sandbar beaches 

with summer hotels and 

growing vacation colonies. 

Between the tidal marshes 

and the upland are abundant 

beds of clay. It was long the 

custom of the farmers here 

to make bricks when work on 

crops was slack, then to ship 

them in small schooners to ,.„.,.., Poman^ cnam^er of comr^eru 

the coast cities. Brick can tig. 108. — Congress Square, Portland, Maine. 




THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



83 



The Maine 
coast north- 
east of Port- 
land 

1. Surface fea 
tures 



pairing vessels. Like all important trade cen- 
ters Portland has varied manufactures. Here 
are the largest foundries and machine shops 
in Maine, making engines and machines for 
lumbering, pulp making, ice cutting, quar- 
rying, shipbuilding, farming, and other in- 
dustries of the state. The residential suburb 
of Deering has been annexed to Portland, 
but two adjoining small cities remain 
separate — South Portland with its ship- 
yards, Westbrook with its great pulp and 
paper plant and textile mills. On the islands 
of Casco Bay are many sum- 
mer cottages and hotels. 

Northeast of Portland the 
coast line is very irregular, 
a typical sub- 
merged coast, and 
many lighthouses 
are needed to 
warn ships away 
from the rocky islets and reefs. 
The headlands are bold and 
several mountain peaks and 
groups rise near the coast. 
Fishing, shipbuilding, and commerce once 
brought prosperity to most towns on the 
islands and long peninsulas, but changes in 
the methods of industries and in transporta- 
tion have built up a few centers while the 
population of most towns has decreased like 
that of the uplands. However, the little 
steamers that thread the channels among 
the islands bring many summer residents to 
the picturesque coast, and some places have 
become prosperous through supplying the 
wants of cottagers and boarders, the most 
famous being Bar Harbor on Mount Desert 
Island. 

The fisheries are important. Once every 
coast village sent schooners to the fishing 
banks ; now few sail from any Maine port 



2. Fisheries 



except Portland. But the shore fisheries are 
more valuable than a half century ago, for 
many factories are engaged in 
canning small herring, lobsters, 
and clams. Lobsters are protected and 
propagated by the state government, power 
boats have replaced dories for the fishermen, 
and the business of marketing the catch has 
been perfected. The clam beds of Maine 
have gained value as those of Massachusetts 
and Rhode Island have become depleted. 
The herring pack of eastern Maine, however, 




Fig. 109. 



Photo iy Boston <!■ .\faim- li. R. 

The entrance to Bar Harbor. 



is of most importance. Small fish of various 
kinds have long been canned as sardines in 
Europe, and in Maine since 1875. 

There are no large coast cities beyond Port- 
land. Eastport and other harbor towns are 
busy canning sea food in summer „ ^^. , 

, 3. Chief cen- 

but lack the industries to gath^ ters of popuia- 
a large permanent population. 
Several ports have continued to build wooden 
ships, for skilled workmen, abundant ship 
timber, and many harbors have long en- 
couraged this industry. It declined as steel 
vessels came into favor, until revived under 
stress of the World War. It promises no 
future growth. Situated where two rivers 
once floated ship timber to the yards beside 
a deep, safe harbor, Bath is still the chief 



84 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 




Photo bit Bor^ton . 



Fig. no. — "During the open season sportsmen camp on remote 

lakes." 



by hand, blasted with pow- 
der, hauled to the kilns in 
ox carts, and burned for sev- 
eral days with wood. Now 
power drills, run by com- 
pressed air, prepare the holes 
for dynamite. The rock is 
raised on electric cableways 
to cars that run to kilns at 
the wharves. By the use of 
soft coal and a forced draft, 
the lime is burned in modern 
kilns in a single day. Thou- 
sands of tons are sold in 
powdered form for use in 
buildings and much also as 
fertilizer. 

Northern Maine. — In 
northern Alaine there is no 
network of rail- 



At the 
Penobscot 

4. Quarries 



shipbuilding city of Maine, because its citi 

zens have developed plants for building war 

ships and merchant steamers 

of steel. 

mouth of the 
there are im- 
portant quarries 
in several towns. 

Granite is easily shipped from 

the islands. The inex- 
haustible Hmestone beds in 

and near Rockland have been 

worked for two centuries and 

produce more lime than any 

other locality in the country. 

Sharp competition has com- 
pelled great changes in the 

methods of quarrying and 

burning lime to secure a 

cheaper and better product. 

Once the rock was drilled Fig. m. 



Forests and 

ways that might forest prod- 
aid in the growth of towns. It 
will be remembered that all this region, un- 




Photo &j/ Uoslon iic Maiiu ii. H, 

Mt. Katahdin, in the forested uplands. 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



85 



inhabited or very sparsely settled, is a vast 
forested upland. Hundreds of farms on the 
southern uplands, too rugged for profitable 
tillage, have reverted to woodland. These 
remoter uplands, still more rough and irreg- 
ular, whether near the eastern coast or on 
the highlands of the interior, have never 
been cleared for farmland. The lumbermen 
and hunters have been seasonal rather than 
permanent residents. 

This forest region is a 
source of revenue to the state 
and of benefit to all New Eng- 
land, apart from the paper 
and lumber it produces ; for 
thousands of city folk visit it 
yearly for a week or more of 
sport. There are many deer, 
moose, and game birds in 
these wild lands, for they 
are protected most of the 
year by state law. During 
the open season in the fall 
thousands of sportsmen pur- 
chase hunters' licenses and 
camp on remote lakes, en- 
joying the crisp air, the 
beauty of the woodlands, 
and the excitement of hunt- 
ing big game. The lakes and 
streams, well stocked with 
trout, salmon, bass, and 
perch, attract many anglers from other states. 

The manufacture of paper, lumber, and 
woodenware has caused the growth of several 
cities and many towns. These are mostly 
outside the forests, on the coast or on rivers. 
The most notable group is at the head of 
navigation on the Penobscot — Bangor and 
its neighbors. \Vhile heavy timber remained 
to be cut their great sawmills were busy after 
every spring log drive, and schooners and 



steamers bore loads of lumber from the 
wharves. Bangor was then the great lumber 
market of the East. The great pulp and 
paper mills at Brewer and Orono are now 
more important than the Penobscot lumber 
mills; and Bangor, with ocean, railway, and 
highway connections, is important as the 
distributing commercial center for eastern 
Maine. Calais on the St. Croix is a similar 
city, but much smaller. 




t^' 



Courtesy American AgrlcuUural < htrnicat Co. 

Fig. 112. — " Potatoes are the principal product." — Aroostook Valley. 

The forested uplands extend into Canada 
and westward into Vermont, where New^^ort 
on Lake Memphremagog is another local 
center for manufacturing and marketing 
lumber. The city of Berlin, New Hamp- 
shire, is north of the White Mountains and 
within the forest belt. Its paper mills 
use the pulp wood floated down the Andros- 
coggin from the Rangeley Lake district to 
the power site at Berlin beside the Grand 



86 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



Trunk Railroad. More recently thriving 
towns have sprung up about the costly paper 
mills at Millinockett on the upper Penob- 
scot. The river brings pulp wood and pro- 
vides power, and the Bangor & Aroostook 
Railway also brings pulp wood and removes 
the paper to market. 

This railroad, built in 1893, opened up 
to settlement fertile lands in the Aroostook 
The Aroostook Valley and along the Canadian 
VaUey border ; hence, unlike the rest of 

agricultural New England, this district has 




CouTtesy American Agricultural Chemical Co. 

Fig. 113. — Spraying potatoes in the Aroostook Valley. 



been increasing in population as new land 
has been cleared and cultivated. The loose, 
open soil, deep and free from stones, is rich 
with Hme. It is easily tilled, while the gently 
rolling surface allows the use of farm 
machinery. In these respects the valley 
lands are unlike the rest of the country, 
which is rugged and forested like most of 
northern New England. As they are some- 
what like western prairies and retain frontier 
characteristics, wheat and other grains are 



still raised and some flour is made in local 
mills. Potatoes are the principal product, 
however, and grass or grain is grown in rota- 
tion with this staple crop. The potatoes are 
planted, cultivated, and dug by machines. Part 
of the crop is stored in large potato houses, 
with heating plants, until shipped in winter. 
New towns have sprung up. There are 
settlements at the lumber mills, which He 
between the forests and the farms, and larger 
towns as trading centers along the railway 
— Houlton, Caribou, Presque Isle, Fort 
Fairfield, and others. A 
special industry is the manu- 
facture of starch from the 
potatoes- that are too small 
to sell for food or for seed 
potatoes. It is used as sizing 
to give a smooth, firm surface 
to warp yarns and to cloth. 
A secondary industry of the 
county is the manufacture of 
spruce casks in which to 
market the starch. 

Southern Maine. — Maine 
was part of Massachusetts 
until a century Along the An- 
ago. Naturally, droscoggin 
therefore, the industries of 
eastern Massachusetts lead 
in southwestern Maine, and 
some of the lower power sites on the large 
rivers have been developed like those of the 
Merrimac. On the Androscoggin, where rail- 
ways cross, are the twin cities, Lewiston and 
Auburn. Lewiston is the cotton-mill center of 
Maine ; its great bleachery and dye works re- 
ceive cloth from mills in other cities and states. 
Shoe factories are found in nearly a score of 
Maine cities and towns, but those of Auburn 
make nearly half the shoes produced in the 
state. Other industries are active in each 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



87 



city, so they form the second industrial and 
population center of the state. Down river 
toward Bath there are cotton and woolen 
mills at Brunswick and Lisbon, but up 
stream toward the forests and Berlin the 
water power has been developed in recent 
years for pulp and paper mills, especially 
at Rumford Falls. 

At the head of navigation on the Kenne- 
bec is a group of cities and towns — 
Along the Augusta, Gardiner, and others — 
Kennebec j-j^j^^ closely resemble those on 
the Penobscot. There are cotton mills at 
Augusta and upstream at Waterville, these 



from any large river, an enterprising cor- 
poration has caused the growth of the large 
town of Sanford through special- Near the Pis- 
ization in the textile industry, cataqua 
In addition to woolens there are great mills 
for making plush and worsted goods, using 
mohair from Asia and alpaca from South 
America as well as wools. 

Power sites along the several small rivers 
whose waters join the Piscataqua above 
Portsmouth, being near Massachusetts, were 
developed for cotton and woolen mills many 
years ago. Dover and Exeter are next tide- 
water, Rochester and Somersworth are a little 




Fig. 114. — " There are cotton mills at Augusta. 



larger cities being favored with water power, 
while there are shoe factories at Gardiner 
and Hallowell, the group thus repeating the 
industries of Lewiston and Auburn. There 
are pulp and paper mills at Augusta and at 
several towns on the headwaters. Woolen 
mills, however, are especially important in 
this region of central Maine — on the Pis- 
cataqua River, on the Kennebec and its 
tributaries, and thence southeastward. The 
industry ranks next to the paper and lumber 
industries in importance in the state. 

In the interior of York County, away 



farther inland. The making of shoes was 
common in little country shops in south- 
eastern New Hampshire years ago, just as 
in eastern Massachusetts. Hence there are 
shoe factories now in a dozen places of this 
district, both in the textile cities and in 
railway towns apart from water power — 
Derry and smaller upland towns between 
the Merrimac and Maine. 

The canning of corn and other garden 
products is the distinctive Indus- xhe upland 
try of this upland belt. Nearer '"^^s 
the cities of southern New England, mar- 



88 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



ket gardening leads and green corn finds 
immediate sale in summer. Wliile the sum- 
mers of Maine are often too cool to ripen 
field corn, sweet corn is ready for canning 
while green a month earlier, and may then 
be transported to a winter market. Some 
seventy canneries pack many thousand cases 
annually of corn, apples, blueberries, 
squashes, and other fruits and vegetables. 

Many potatoes are raised here, though 
less than on the soils of Aroostook County. 
Milk trains from as far east as the Penobscot 
take fresh milk daily to the great distribut- 
ing agencies in Boston, hence less milk than 
formerly is used in local factories for butter, 
cheese, and condensed milk. There are 
some poultry farms and stock farms. But 
here too the last census shows a smaller num- 
ber of farms and fewer acres of improved 
land ; the trend of population is toward the 
cities of the valleys and the coast. 

There are other industries in these up- 
land towns. There are granite quarries 
both in the interior and at Hallowell on the 
Kennebec estuary, where it is shipped to 
New York. In central Maine there are 
quarries of fine blue slate. Many of the 
slabs are taken to the slate mill at Portland 
to be sawn, planed, drilled, and shaped for 
use as interior finish and furniture for build- 
ings. There are many local mills in which 
both hard and soft woods are sawn and 
turned into small articles and novelties, 
such as furniture, sleds, handles, toys, 
clothespins, toothpicks, and bicycle rims. 
Thousands of cords of fine white birch 
are used yearly in the manufacture of 
spools. 

Supplementary Problems, by States. — Maine. 
I. Why is Maine sometimes known as the Pine 
Tree State? 2. At about what point does the 
coast line of Maine suddenly change in character? 



3. What change has come over the- lumber industry 
in Maine during the past generation? 4. What 
is the chief commercial importance to-day of the 
timber in Maine? 5. Why is Maine a state of 
abundant water power? 6. Maine is naturally 
divided into very dissimilar regions. What are 
these regions? 7. For what is Aroostook County 
noted, and why? 8. Name the chief cities and 
towns along the rivers in southern Maine and 
state their most important industries. 9. Com- 
pare southern Maine in its industries with eastern 
New Hampshire and northeastern Massachusetts. 
10. In what respect does Eastport resemble 
Gloucester? n. For what is Portland chiefly 
important? 12. Bangor? 

New Hampshire. i. Southern New England is 
important chiefly for its manufactures; northern 
New England has other interests. Show how New 
Hampshire partakes of the character of each. 
2. Secure railroad folders describing the A\Tiite 
Mountains or learn about them from any of your 
classmates who may have visited them. 3. Since 
the chief granite quarries of New England are not 
in New Hampshire, why do you suppose New Hamp- 
shire is called the Granite State? 4. To what 
extent is New Hampshire forested? 5. Find 
how the increasing use of automobiles has affected 
the prosperity of summer hotels. 6. Why is 
New Hampshire an important state in paper manu- 
facture? Find the location of the most important 
paper mills of the state. 7. Compare the in- 
dustries of the upper Merrimac with those of the 
lower Merrimac Valley. 

Vermont. i. Why is Vermont called the Green 
Mountain State? 2. Discuss the agricultural 
possibilities of Vermont. 3. What effect have 
the longer distances traveled by milk trains had 
upon the dairy industry of Vermont? 4. Why 
did not the population of Vermont increase between 
1910 and 1920? 5. Why do you anticipate that 
it will increase between 1920 and 1930? 6. Give 
a list of the chief cities of Vermont with the most 
important industries of each. 7. Why does Ver- 
mont lead the United States in the importance of 
its quarry products? 8. Why are woolen mills, 
paper mills, and machine shops important in Ver- 
mont? 9. Why should refrigerators and scales 
be manufactured there? 

Massachusetts. i. Show why Massachusetts is 



THE GEOGRAPHY OF NEW ENGLAND 



89 



called the Bay State. 2. How many towns in 
Massachusetts have a population greater than 
10,000? 3. In what lowlands have the largest 
cities of Massachusetts sprung up, and why? 
4. Why does Massachusetts lead all states in cran- 
berry culture? 5. Why does Massachusetts lead 
in deep-sea fisheries? 6. Why does it lead in 
the manufacture of cotton and woolen cloths? 

7. Why does it rank first in shoe manufacture? 

8. In the manufacture of machinery? 9. In 
the production of high-grade paper? 10. On 
outline maps of Massachusetts locate (a) seaports ; 
(b) inland cities on the lowlands ; (c) cities on the 
railroads leading from the West to Massachusetts 
Bay ; (d) cities at power sites. 

Rhode Island. i . Why would you expect Provi- 
dence and its vicinity to resemble Boston and its 
vicinity in industry and commerce? 2. Compare 
Rhode Island with Delaware in area and population ; 
with Connecticut ; with Texas ; with the District 
of Columbia ; with Belgium. 3. How does Rhode 
Island rank among the states in density of popula- 
tion? 4. Since most of the inhabitants of Rhode 



Island live in cities, what conclusions do you draw 
regarding the importance of agriculture in Rhode 
Island? 5. WTiat is the most important industry 
of Rhode Island? 6. What other industries are 
important? 7. Explain why Rhode Island leads 
the United States in per capita value of manufac- 
tures. 

Connecticut. i. Explain why Connecticut has 
a large variety of manufactures. 2. List as many 
types of manufacture that are carried on in Connect- 
icut as you can. 3. The leather shoe industry never 
extended southward from Massachusetts to any great 
extent. How, then, can 3'ou account for the impor- 
tance of the manufacture of rubber boots in Connect- 
icut and Rhode Island? 4. Why is tobacco culture 
so important in Connecticut ? 5. Why is the grass 
crop more important still? 6. Why are there 
more peach orchards here than elsewhere in New 
England? 7. Why is oyster culture extensive? 
8. Why are the cotton mills of Connecticut chiefly 
in the two eastern counties? 9. Why is the 
making of hats centered in southwestern Connecti- 
cut? 



APPENDIX A 









COUNTIES 










1. 


Maine 






4. 


Massachusetts 




Population 


County 


County Seat 


Area in 
■ Square Miles 


Population 


County 


County Seat 


Area in 
Square Miles 


65,796 


Androscoggin 


Auburn 


459 


26,670 


Barnstable 


Barnstable 


409 


81,728 


Aroostook 


Houlton 


6,453 


113,021 


Berkshire 


Pittsfield 


966 


124,358 


Cumberland 


Portland 


853 






r Fall River 


1 


19,825 


Franklin 


Farmington 


1,789 


359,005 


Bristol 


I New Bedford 


> 567 


30,361 


Hancock 


Ellsworth 


1,522 






I Taunton 


J 


63,844 


Kennebec 


Augusta 


879 


4,372 


Dukes 


Edgartown 


107 


26,245 


Knox 


Rockland 


351 






[ Lawrence 




15,976 


Lincoln 


Wjscasset 


457 


481,478 


Essex 


< Newburyport 


497 


37.700 


Oxford 


South Paris 


1,980 






I Salem 




87,684 


Penobscot 


Bangor 


3,258 


49,361 


Franklin 


Greenfield 


697 


20,554 


Piscataquis 


Dover 


3,770 


300,2.54 


Hampden 


Springfield 


636 


23,021 


Sagadahoc 


Bath 


250 


69,552 


Hampshire 


Northampton 


585 


37,171 
21,328 


Somerset 
Waldo 


Skowhegan 
Belfast 


3,633 

724 


778,352 


Middlesex 


1 Lowell 1 
I Cambridge / 


832 


41,709 


Washington 


Machias 


2,528 


2.797 


Nantucket 


Nantucket 


51 


70,696 


York 
TOTAL 


Alfred 


989 


219,081 
156,968 


Norfolk 
Plymouth 


Dedham 
Plymouth 


410 


767,996 


29,895 


675 










835,522 


Suffolk 


Boston 


51 




2. New 

County 


Hampshire 

County Seat 


Area in 
Square Miles 


455,136 


Worcester 
TOTAL 


1 Fitchburg 1 
I Worcester ' 


1,556 


Population 


3,851,569 


8,039 


21,178 


Belknap 


Laconia 


397 










15,017 


Carrol! 


Ossipee 


955 










30,975 


Cheshire 


, Keene 


728 




5. 


Rhode Island 




36,093 
40,572 


Coos 

Grafton 


Lancaster 
WoodsviUe 


1,798 
1,729 


Population 


County 


County Seat 


Area in 
Square Miles 


135,512 


Hillsborough 


Nashua 


895 


23,113 


Bristol 


Bristol 


24 


61,770 


Merrimack 


Concord 


932 


38,269 


Kent 


East Greenwich 174 


.52.498 


Rockingham 


Exeter 


691 


42.893 


Newport 


Newport 


114 


38,546 


Strafford 


Dover 


379 


475,190 


Providence 


Providence 


430 


20,922 


Sullivan 


Newport 


527 


24.932 


Washington 


Kingston 


325 


443,083 


TOTAL 




9,031 


604.397 


TOTAL 




1,067 




3. Vermont 












Population 
18,666 


County 
Addison 


County Seat 
Middlebury 


Area in 

Square Miles 

756 


Population 


6. 

County 


Connecticut 

County Seat 


Area in 
Square Miles 


21,577 


Bennington 


{ Bennington 1 
I Manchester / 


661 


320,919 


Fairfield 


1 Bridgeport 1 
I Danbury / 


631 


25,755 


Caledonia 


St. Johnsbury 


618 


336,016 


Hartford 


Hartford 


729 


43,708 


Chittenden 


Burlington 


543 






1 Litchfield 




7,364 


Essex 


Guildhall 


638 


76,262 


Litchfield 


New Milford 
. Winsted 


925 


30,026 


Franklin 


St. Albans 


652 








3,784 


Grand Isle 


North Hero 


83 


47,550 


Middlesex 


Middletown 


369 


11,858 
17,279 


Lamoille 
Orange 


Hyde Park 
Chelsea 


436 
676 


415,196 


NewHaven 


j New Haven 
\ Waterbury 


603 


23,913 
46,213 


Orleans 
Rutland 


Newport 
Rutland 


688 
911 


104,611 


^, _ , / New London \ 

New London i .^ . , [ 

^ Norwich J 


659 


38,921 


Washington 


Montpelier 


719 


27,216 


Tolland 


Tolland 


404 


26,373 
36.984 


Windham 

Windsor 

TOTAL 


Newfane 
Woodstock 


795 

948 

9,124 


52,815 


Windham 
TOTAL 


( Putnam 1 
I Willimantic / 


500 


352,421 


1,380,585 


4,820 



90 



APPENDIX B 



PLACES HAVING A POPULATION OF 1500 OR MORE (CENSUS OF 1920) 



1. Maine 



Anson . 

Ashland 

Auburn 

Augusta 

BaileyvjUe 

Bangor 

Bar Harbor 

Bath 

Belfast 

Berwick 

Biddeford 

Blue Hill 

Boothbay Ha 

Brewer 

Bridgton 

Brownville 

Brunswick 

Buxton 

Calais . 

Camden 

Cape Elizabeth 

Caribou 

Chelsea 

Deer Isle . 

Dexter 

Dover . . 

Eagle Lake 

East Livermore 

Eliot . . 

Ellsworth 

Fairfield 

Farmington 

Fort Fairfield 

Fort Kent 

Foxcroft . 

Frenchville 

Gardiner 

Gorham 

Guilford 

Hallowell 

Hampden 

Houlton 

Island Falls 

Jay . . 

Jonesport 

Kennebunk 

Kittery . 

Lewiston 

Limestone 

Lincoln 

Lisbon . 

Lisbon Falls 

Livermore Fa! 

Lubec . . 

Machias 

Madawaska 

Madison . 

Mars Hill 

Mechanic Fa! 

Mexico 

Millinocket 

Milo . . 

Newport . 

Norridgewock 

North Berwicl 

Norway 

Oakhill 

Oakland 

Old Town 

Orono . 

Paris . . 

Patten 

Pittsfield . 

Portland . 

Presque Isle 

Rockland . 

Rockport . 

Rumford . 



bor 



2.593 
2,391 
16,985 
14,114 
2,243 
25,978 
3,622 
14,731 
5,083 
2,057 
18,008 
1,564 
2,025 
6,064 
1,545 
1,743 
5,840 
1,560 
6,084 
3,403 
1.534 
6,018 
2,050 
1,718 
4,113 
1,979 
1,772 
2,636 
1,530 
3,058 
2,747 
1,650 
1,993 
4,237 
2,071 
1,586 
5,475 
2,870 
1.687 
2,764 
2,352 
6,191 
1,683 
3,152 
2,129 
3,138 
4,763 
31,791 
1,506 
1,586 
4.091 
2.295 
2.300 
3.371 
2.1,52 
1,933 
2,729 
1,783 
1,614 
3,242 
4,528 
2,894 
1.709 
1 .532 
1 .652 
2.20S 
1.832 
2.473 
6,6.30 
3.133 
3,6.56 
1,498 
2,146 
69,272 
3,4,52 
8,109 
1,774 
7,016 



Saco . . . . 
Saint Agatha 
Saint George 
Sanford . . . 
Scarboro . 
Skowhegan 
South Berwick . 
South Paris . 
South Portland 
South Windham 
Tenants Harbor 
Thomaston 
Topsham . 
Van Buren 
Vassalboro 
Vinal Haven 
Waldoboro 
Warren 
Washburn 
Waterville 
Wells . . . . 
Westbrook 
Wilton . . . . 
Winslow 

Winthrop . . 
Yarmouth 
York . . . . 



2. New Hampshire 



Berlin . . 

Charlestown 

Claremont 

Colebrook 

Concord 

Conway 

Derry . . 

Dover . 

East Jaffrey 

Enfield . . 

Exeter . . 

Farmington 

Franklin 

Goffstown 

Gorham 

Groveton . 

Hanover 

Haverhill . 

Hillsboro . 

Hinsdale . 

Hookset 

Hudson 

Jaffrey 

Keene . 

Laconia 

Lakeport . 

Lancaster 

Lebanon . 

Lisbon 

Littleton 

Manchester 

Meredith 

Mil ford . 

Nashua 

Newmarket 

Newport 

North Conway 

Northfield 

Northumberla 

Pembroke . 

Penacook . 

Peterboro . 

Pittsfield . 

Plymouth 

Portsmouth 

Rochester . 

Salem 

Salmon Falls 

Seabrook . 



nd 



6.817 
1.669 
1.654 

10.691 
1,832 
5,981 
2,955 
1,793 
9,254 
1.932 
2.060 
2.019 
2.102 
4,594 
1,936 
1,965 
2.426 
1.500 
1.870 

13.351 
1.943 
9.435 
2.505 
3.280 
1.902 
2.216 
2,727 



16,104 
1,505 
9,524 
1,811 

22,167 
3,102 
5,382 

13,029 
1 ,765 
1,577 
4,604 
2,461 
6,318 
2,391 
2,734 
1,880 
1,551 
3,406 
1.550 
1.773 
1.882 
1 .9.54 
2.303 

11.201 

10.897 
3,199 
2,819 
6,162 
2,288 
2,308 

78.384 
1.680 
3,783 

28,379 
3,181 
4,109 
1 ,523 
1,.522 
2..567 
2.563 
3.010 
2.615 
1.914 
2.3.53 

13.569 
9.673 
2.318 
I,S90 
1,537 



Somersworth 
Suncook 
Swanzey . 
Tilton . . . 
Walpole 
Winchester 
Wolfeboro 
Woodsville 



6,688 
2,890 
1,593 
2,014 
2,553 
2,267 
2,178 
1,775 



3. Vermont 

Barnet 

Barre 

Barre (town) 

Barton 

Bellows Falls 

Bennington 

Bethel 

Brandon 

Brattleboro 

Brighton 

Burlington 

Cambridge 

Castleton 

Chester 

Colchester 

(Became city in 1922. Includes Winooski 

Danville 

Derby 

Enosburg 

Essex 

Fairfield 

Fair Haven 

Hardwick 

Hartford 

Island Pond 

Ludlow 

Lyndon 

Lyndonville 

Manchester 

Middlebury 

Milton 

Montpelier 

Morristown 

Morrisville 



Newbury 
Newport . 
Northfield . . 
Pittsfield . . . 
Poultney . 
Proctor 
Randolph . 
Richford . . . 
Rutland . . . 
St. Albans . . 
St. -Albans (town) 
St. Johnsbury . 
Springfield . . 
Stowe .... 
Swanton . 
Troy . . - . 
X'ergennes 
Wallingford . . 
Waterbury . . 
West Rutland . 
Williamstown 
Windsor . 
Winooski 
Woodstock 



4. Massachusetts 



Abington 
.\cton 

Acushnet . 

Adams 

.\gawam 

.Amesbury 

Amherst 



1,685 

10,008 
3,862 
3,506 
4,860 
9,982 
1,782 
2,874 
8,332 
2,280 

22,799 
1,593 
1,919 
1,633 
6,627 

) 
1,494 
2,201 
2,231 
2,449 
1,532 
2,540 
2,641 
4,739 
1,837 
2,421 
3,558 
1,878 
2,057 
2,914 
1,523 
7,125 
2,813 
1,707 
1,908 
4,976 
3,096 
2,098 
2,868 
2,789 
3,010 
2,842 

14,954 
7,588 
1,583 
8,701 
7,202 
1,800 
3,343 
1,869 
1,609 
1,581 
3,542 
3,391 
1 ,526 
3,687 
4,932 
2,370 



5.787 
2,162 
3,075 

12.967 
5,023 

10.0.36 
5,550 



91 



92 



APPENDIX B 



Andover 

Arlington 

Ashburnham 

Ashland 

Athol . 

Attleboro 

Auburn 

Avon 

Ayer 

Baldwins ville 

Barnstable 

Barre 

Belchertown 

Bellingham 

Belmont . 

Beverly 

Billerica 

Blackstone 

Bondsville 

Boston 

Bourne 

Braintree 

Bridgewater 

Brockton 

Brookfield 

Brookline 

Cambridge 

Canton 

Chelmsford 

Chelsea 

Chicopee . 

Chicopee Fall 

Clinton 

Cohasset 

Colerain 

Concord 

Dalton 

Danvers . 

Dartmouth 

Dedham 

Deerfield 

Dennis 

Dighton 

Douglass . 

Dracut 

Dudley 

Duxbury . 

East Bridgewater 

Easthampton 

East Long Meado 

Easton 

Everett 

Fairhaven 

Fall River 

Falmouth 

Fitchburg 

Foxboro 

Framingham 

Franklin . 

Gardner 

Georgetown 

Gilbertville 

Gloucester 

Grafton 

Great Barrington 

Greenfield 

Groton 

Groveland 

Hadley . 

Hanover . 

Hanson 

Hardwick 

Harvard . 

Harwich 

Hatfield . 

Haverhill 

Hingham 

Holbrook 

Holden . 

HoUiston 

Holyoke 

Hopedale 

Hopkinton 

Housatonic 

Hudson 

Hull . . 

Hyannis 

Ipswich 

Kingston . 

Lancaster 

Lawrence 

Lee . . 

Leicester . 

Lenox 

Leominster 

Lexington 

Longmeadow 



8,268 

18,665 
2,012 
2,287 
9,792 

19,731 
3,891 
2.176 
3,052 
2,360 
4,8.36 
3.357 
2,058 
2,102 

10,749 

22,561 
3.646 
4,299 
2,050 
748,060 
2.5.30 

10.580 
8,438 

66,254 
2,216 

37,748 

109.694 

5,945 

5,682 

43,184 

36.214 

11,500 

12,979 
2,639 
1,607 
6,461 
3,752 

11.108 
6,493 

10.792 
2,803 
1,536 
2,.574 
2,181 
5,280 
3,701 
1,553 
3.486 

11,261 
2.352 
5.041 

40.120 

7.291 

120.485 

3,.500 

41,029 
4,136 

17,033 
6,497 

16,971 
2,004 
2.760 

22.947 
6.887 
6.315 

15.462 
2.185 
2.6.50 
2.784 
2.575 
1,910 
3,085 
2.546 
1.846 
2.651 

53.884 
5,604 
3,161 
2.970 
2,707 

60,203 
2,777 
2,289 
3.010 
7.607 
1.771 
1.565 
6.201 
2.505 
2.461 

94,270 
4.085 
3.635 
2.691 

19,744 
6,350 
2,618 



Lowell 

Ludlow 

Lynn 

Maiden 

Manchester 

Mansfield 

Marblehead 

Marlboro 

Maynard . 

Medfield . 

Medlord . 

Medway . 

Melrose 

Merrimac 

Methuen . 

Middleboro 

Milford . 

Millbury 

Millers Falls 

Millville . 

Milton 

Monson 

Montague 

Nantucket 

Natick 

Needham 

New Bedford 

Newburyport 

Newton 

North Adams 

Northampton 

North Andover 

North Attleboro 

North Brookfield 

Northfield 

Norwood 

Onset . 

Orange 

Oxford 

Palmer 

Peabody 

Pepperell 

Pittsfield 

Plymouth 

Provincetown 

Quincy 

Randolph 

Raynham 

Reading 

Rehoboth 

Revere 

Rockland 

Rockport 

Rutland . 

Salem . 

Saugus 

Scituate 

Seekonk 

Sharon 

Sherborn . 

Shirley 

Shrewsbury 

Somerset . 

Somerville 

South Barre 

Southboro 

Southbridge 

South Hadley 

Spencer 

Springfield 

Stockbridge 

Stoneham 

Stoughton 

Sturbridge 

Sutton 

Swampscott 

Swansea 

Taunton 

Templeton 

Tcwksbury 

Townsend 

Upton 

Uxbridge 

Wakefield 

Walpole 

Waltham 

Ware . . 

Wareham 

Warren 

Watertown 

Waverley 

Wayland . 

Webster 

Wellesley 

Westboro 

West Bridgewater 

Wcstfield . . 



112,759 
7,470 

99,148 

49,103 
2,466 
6,255 
7,324 

15,028 
7,086 
3,595 

39.038 
2.956 

18,204 
2,115 

15,189 
8,453 

13,471 
5.653 
2.050 
2,224 
9,382 
4,826 
7,675 
2,797 

10,907 

7,012 

121,217 

15,618 

46,054 

22,282 

21,951 
6,265 
9,238 
2,610 
1,775 

12,627 
1,975 
5,393 
3,820 
9,896 

19,552 
2,468 

41,763 

13,045 
4,246 

47.876 
4,756 
1.695 
7,439 
2.065 

28.823 
7.544 
3.878 
1,743 

42,529 

10,874 
2,534 
2,898 
2,468 
1.558 
2,260 
3,708 
3,520 

93,091 
1,782 
1,838 

14,245 
5.527 
5.930 
129,614 
1.764 
7,873 
6.865 
1.573 
2,.578 
8.101 
2,234 

37.137 
4,019 
4,450 
1,575 
1,693 
5,384 

13,025 
5.446 

30.915 
8.525 
4.415 
3,467 

21,457 
4,060 
1,935 

13,258 
6,224 
5,789 
2,908 

18,604 



Westford 3,170 

Weston 2,282 

Westport 3,115 

West Springfield 13,443 

Weymouth 15,057 

Whitinsville 5,877 

Whitman 7,147 

Wilbraham 2,780 

Williamsburg 1,866 

Williamstown 3,707 

Wilmington 2,581 

Winchendon 5,904 

Winchester 10,485 

Winthrop 15,455 

Woburn 16,574 

Worcester 179,754 

Wrentham 2,808 



5. Rhode Island 

Barrington 3,897 

Bristol 11,375 

Burrillville 8,606 

Central Falls 24,174 

Coventry 5,670 

Cranston 29,407 

Cumberland 10,077 

East Greenwich 3,290 

East Providence 21,793 

Hopkinton 2,316 

Jamestown 1,633 

Johnston 6,855 

Lincoln 9 543 

Middletown 2,094 

Newport 30,255 

North Kingstown 3,397 

North Providence 7.697 

North Smithfield 3.200 

Pawtucket 64.248 

Portsmouth 2.590 

Providence 237..595 

Scituate 3,006 

Smithfield 3,199 

South Kingstown 5,181 

Tiverton 3,894 

Warren 7,841 

Warwick 13.481 

Westerly 9.952 

West Warwick 15,461 

Woonsocket 43,496 



6. Connecticut 

Ansonia 17,643 

Berlin 4,298 

Bethel 3,201 

Bloomfield 2,394 

Branford 6,627 

Bridgeport 143,555 

Bristol 20,620 

Brooklyn 1,655 

Canton 2,549 

Cheshire 2,855 

Chester 1,675 

Colchester 2,015 

Collinsville 3,009 

Coventry 1,582 

Cromwell 2,454 

Danbury 22,325 

Danielson 3,130 

Darien 4,184 

Derby 11,238 

East Haddam 2,312 

East Hampton 2,394 

East Hartford 11,648 

East Haven 3,520 

East Windsor 3,741 

Ellington 2,127 

Enfield _ 11,708 

(Includes Thompsonville) 

Essex 2,815 

Fairfield 11,475 

Farmington 3,844 

Glastonbury 5,592 

Greenwich 22,123 

Griswold 4,220 

(Includes Jewett City) 

Groton 9,237 

Guilford 2,803 

Haddam 1,736 

Hamden 8,611 

Hartford 138,036 

Harwinton 2,020 

Jewett City 3,196 



APPENDIX B 



93 



Killingly 

(Includes Danielson) 
Litchfield . 
Madison 
Manchester 

(Includes South Ma; 
Mansfield . 
Meriden 
Middletown . 
Milford . . 
Naugatuclc 
New Hritaia 
New Canaan 
New Hartford 
New Haven . 
Newington 
New London 
New Milford 
Newtown 
North Canaan 
North Haven 
Norwalk . . 
Norwich . . 



nchester) 



8,178 Orange 

(Includes West Haven) 

3,180 Plainfield 

1,857 Plainville 

18,370 Plymouth 
Portland . 

2,.574 Putnam . 

34,764 Ridgefield 

22.129 Rockville 

lO.llW Rocky Hill 

1.5,0.51 Salisbury 

59,31f) Seymour . 

3,895 Sharon 

1,781 Shelton . 

162,537 Simsbury 

2,381 Southington 

25,688 South Manchester 

4,781 South Windsor 

2,751 Stafford 

1,933 Stamford . 

1,968 Stonington 

27,743 Stratford . 

29,685 Suffield 



16,614 Thomaston 3,993 

Thompson 5,055 

7,926 Thompsonville 3,515 

4,114 Torrington 22,055 

5,042 Trumbull 2,597 

3,644 Vernon 8,898 

8„397 (Includes Rockville) 

2,707 Wallingford 12,010 

7,726 Wasliington 1,619 

1,633 Waterbury 91,715 

2,497 Watertown 6,050 

6,781 West Hartford 8,854 

1,585 West Haven 12.369 

9,475 Westport 5 114 

2,9.58 Wethersfield . 4.342 

8.440 Willimantic 12,330 

8,036 Winchester 9,019 

2,142 (Includes Winsted) 

5,407 Windham 13,801 

40,067 (Includes Willimantic) 

10,236 Windsor 5,620 

12,347 Windsor Locks 3,.554 

4,070 Winsted 8,248 



APPENDIX C 



INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS 

1. CENSUS OF MANUFACTURES (New England) 



Number of establishments . . 
Persons engaged in manufactures 

Proprietors and firm members 

Salaried employes . 

Wage earners (average) 
Primary horsepower 
Capital 
Services 

Salaries 

Wages 
Materials 
Value of products 
Value added by manufacture (value of products less cost of materials) 









Per Cent ot 








Increase 








1914 


1909 


1919 


1914 


1909 


1919 


1914 


25,519 


25,193 


25,351 


1.2 


-0 6 


1,535,974 


1,268,238 


1,212,158 


21.0 


-4-6 


21,474 


22,493 


24,171 


-4.5 


-V.O 


162..348 


105,512 


86,697 


53.8 


22.0 


1,3.52,152 


1,140,2,33 


1,101,290 


18.8 


3.6 


3.7,55,4,56 


3,125,629 


2,715,121 


20.0 


15.0 


;5,78i.ti7fl.noo 


$2,948,040,000 


S2„503,S54,000 


96.0 


17.9 


l,.'!3.5.3fi,S.OOO 


777,426,000 


669,915,000 


136.0 


16,1) 


340.21(4,000 


149,017,000 


112,2,84,000 


128.0 


33.0 


1.495.074,000 


628,409,000 


557,631,000 


138.0 


12.7 


3,954,029,000 


1,6,57,674,000 


1,476,297,000 


139.0 


12.2 


7,188,636,000 


2,926,675,000 


2,670,065.000 


145.0 


9.2 


3,234,607,000 


1,269,001,000 


1,193,768,000 


154.0 


6.(t 



S, NUMBER OF AUTOMOBILES 

1914 1920 

Maine 10, ,570 51,783 

New Hampshire 7,420 30,415 

Vermont 5,430 26,636 

Massachusetts 60,826 233,258 

Rhode Island 9,894 44,000 

Connecticut 23,263 100,550 

Total 117,403 486,642 



3. SOUTHERN AND NORTHERN NEW ENGLAND — COMPARISON WITH UNITED STATES 

1919 

Value of Products U. S $62,581,905,000 

Per cent gain 158.5 

Southern New England 6,153,374,000 

Per cent gain 149.0 

Per cent of total 9.8 

Northern New England 1,035,262,000 

Per cent gain 124.0 

Per cent of total 1.7 

1920 

Population U. S 105,708,771 

Southern New England 5,837,384 

Per cent of total 5.5 

Northern New England 1,563,,525 

Per cent of total 1.5 



1914 


1909 


$24,246,435,000 


$20,672,052,000 


17.3 




2,466,401,000 


2,261,145,000 


9.0 




10.2 


11.0 


460,274,000 


408,920,000 


12.5 




1.9 


2.0 


1910 


Per Cent Gain 


91,972,266 


14.9 


4,993,782 


16.» 


5.4 


. . 


1,528,899 


2.a 


1.7 





4. MAINE — CENSUS OF MANUFACTURES 



1919 

Number of establishments 2.996 

Persons engaged in manufactures 100.101 

Proprietors and firm members 2,747 

Salaried employes 7.982 

Wage earners (average) 89,372 

Primary horsepower 566,705 

Capital $420,651,000 

Services 112,018.000 

Salaries . 17,,560,000 

Wages 94,458,000 

Materials 2.58,823,000 

Value of products 461,415,000 

Value added by manufacture (value of products less cost of materials) . . . 202,592,000 

04 







Per 


Cent of 








ncrease 






1914 


1909 


1914 


1909 


1919 


1914 


3,378 


3„546 


-11.3 


-4.7 


90,758 


88,476 


10.3 


2.6 


3,344 


3,661 


-17.9 


-8.7 


5,265 


4,860 


51.6 


8.3 


82,149 


79,955 


8.8 


2.7 


487,21 1 


459„599 


16.3 


6.0 


$233,844,000 


$202,260,000 


79.9 


15.6 


50,523,000 


43,429,000 


121.7 


16.2 


7,269,000 


5,797,000 


141.6 


25.4 


43.254,000 


37.632.000 


118.4 


14.9 


117,6.55,000 


97.101,000 


120.0 


21.2 


200.450.000 


176,029.000 


130.2 


13.9 


82,795,000 


78.928.000 


144.7 


4.9 



APPENDIX C 

6. NEW HAMPSHIRE — CENSUS OF MANUFACTURES 



95 



1919 

Number of establishmenla 1.497 

Persons engaged in manufactures 89.09!) 

Proprietors and firm members 1.426 

Salaried employes .5.H10 

Wage earners (average) 82.7(>;i 

Primary liorsepower 311.722 

Capital $.'!2S. 138.000 

Services llL',ss2.()nit 

Salaries l:i,0'.l7.IHI0 

Wages 7ll.7s.j,()00 

Materials 2:iS.(i41 .000 

Value of products 4O,".,7:i9.O00 

Value added by manufacture (value of products less cost of materials) . - 107.0'J8.000 



$156 
40 

40 
114 
182 

67 



1914 

1,736 

85,013 

1,646 

4.374 

78,993 
344,093 
,749,000 
,.")24.000 
,881.000 
,043,000 
,994,000 
,844,000 
,850,000 



1909 

1 ,961 

84,191 

2,014 

3,519 

78,6.58 

293,991 

JI39,990,000 

40,391.000 

4,191.000 

36.200.000 

98.1.57.00{) 

164. ,581. 000 

66,424,000 



Per Cent of 

Increase 

1914 1909 

1919 1909 

-13.8 -11.5 

5.9 
-13.4 

32.8 
4.8 

-94 
109.5 

99.6 
122.7 

96.3 
107.5 
121.9 
140.3 



1.0 

-18.3 

24.3 

0.4 
17.0 
12.0 
15.2 
40.3 
12.3 
17.2 
11.1 

2.1 



6. VERMONT — CENSUS OF MANUFACTURES 



1919 



Number of establishments . . 

Persons engaged in manufactures 
Proprietors and firm members 
Salaried employes .... 
Wage earners (average) 

Primary horsepower 



1,790 

38,845 

1.804 

3..550 

33.491 

185.095 

Capital $134,314,000 $79 

Services 41,429,000 22 

Salaries 7,.345,000 3 

Wages 34.084,000 IS, 

Materials 95.173.000 42, 

Value of products 168,108,000 76, 

Value added by manufacture (value of products less cost of materials) . . 72,935,000 34 



1914 

1,772 

37,217 

1,787 

2,726 

32,704 

172,637 

,847,000 

,002,000 

,385.000 

.617.000 

.706.000 

.991.000 

.285.000 



1909 

1,958 

3S,.5,SO 

2,113 

2,679 

33,788 

1,')9,445 

$73,470,000 

20,075,000 

2,803,000 

17,272.000 

34,823.000 

68,310,000 

33,487,000 



Per Cent of 

Increase 
1914 1909 
1919 1914 



1.0 

4.4 

10 

30.2 

2.4 

7.2 

68.2 

88.3 

117.0 

83.1 

112.9 

U8.3 

112.7 



-9-5 

-3.5 

-15.4 

1.8 

-3.2 

8.3 

8.7 

9.6 

20.7 

7.8 

22.6 

12.7 

2.4 



Value of farm products 

Value of farm animals 

\'alue of dairy products 

Total number of pounds of milk produced (1920) 
Total number of horses 



Total number of sheep 

Total number of hogs 

Total number of cattle 

Total acreage of farms 

Value of farms and equipment 

Value of marble and granite products (1020) 

Production of maple sugar (1922) 

Production of maple sirup (1922) 

Percentage of U.S. production of maple sugar (1922) 
Percentage of U.S. production of maple sirup (1922) 

Maple trees tapped (1922) 

Percentage of maple trees in U.S. tapped (1922) 



$47,999,600 

42,175,425 

27,207,813 

786,606,160 

77,231 

62,756 

72,761 

435,480 

4,235,811 

$93,100,253 

15,605.000 

3,152,000 lb. 

,000,005 gal, 

59.2 

28.9 

5,559,000 

33.9 



7. MASSACHUSETTS — CENSUS OF MANUFACTURES 



Number of establishments 
Persons engaged in manufactures 

Proprietors and firm members 

Salaried employes 

Wage earners (average) 
Primary horsepower 
Capital 
Services 

Salaries 

Wages 
Materials 

Value of Products 

Value added by manufacture (value of products less cost of materials) 



1919 

11. ,892 

812,338 

9.457 

89.222 

713.659 

1.729,,529 

$2,964,439,000 

1.010.176.000 

184.149.000 

826.027.000 

2,258,232,000 

4,011,058.000 

1,752,826,000 



$1 



1914 

12,013 

676.642 

10.710 

59,234 

606,698 

1,396.722 

,548,961,000 

425,024,000 

83,714,000 

341,310.000 

931.384.000 

.641.373.000 

709.989,000 



1909 

1 1 .689 

644.399 

11,194 

48,646 

584,559 

1,175,071 

$279,687,000 

364.4.52.000 

63.279.000 

301.173.000 

.830.705.000 

1,490,529.000 

659.704.000 



Per Cent of 

Increase 

1914 1909 

1919 1914 



-1.0 

20.1 

11.7 

50.6 

17.6 

23.8 

91.4 

137.7 

120.0 

142.0 

142.5 

144.4 

146.9 



-2.8 

5.0 

4,3 

21.8 

3.8 

18.9 

21.0 

16.6 

32.3 

13.3 

12.1 

10.1 

7.6 



VALUE OF PRODUCTS FOR SELECTED LEADING MASSACHUSETTS INDUSTRrES 



Percent of total 
for v. S. 
1919 1914 1919 1914 

Boots and Shoes $442,466,000 $200,530,000 38.5 40.0 

Boots and Shoes. Cut Stock 86.214.000 35.037.000 54.6 59.5 

Boots and Shoes. Findings 44.357.000 19.012.000 70.8 67.2 

Bread and Bakery Products "•"'"'ISS" 33.309.000 4.7 6.8 

Rubber Shoes 59.579.000 23.789.000 45.0 44.0 

Confectionery ' ' 68.897,000 22,935,000 10 8 10,9 



96 



APPENDIX C 

VALUE OF PRODUCTS FOR SELECTED LEADING MASSACHUSETTS INDUSTRIES (Continued) 



1919 1914 

Cotton Goods 696,880,000 195,482,000 

Electrical Machinery 91,939,000 43,869,000 

Foundries 112,274,000 65,605,000 

Knit Goods 52,424,000 17,419,000 

Tanning 129,249,000 45,265,000 

Paper and Pulp 87,591,000 43,353,000 

Rubber Goods 86,358,000 23.011,000 

Slaughtering 97,533,000 51,725,000 

Woolen and Worsted Goods 342,626,000 127.351,000 

Printing and Publishing 88,428,000 46,964.000 

Jewelry 34,817.000 14,176.000 

Cutlery ■ 19,673,000 4,354.000 

Silk Goods 34.194.000 10.677.000 

Wire 24..552,000 ' 8.3S9.000 

Tools r 29,159,000 8,620,000 



Percent of total 

for U. S. 

1919 1914 



31.7 

11.0 

4.8 

7.7 

13.9 

11.0 

8.8 

2.6 

32.6 

5.9 

17.1 

31.4 

5.0 

15.1 

20.1 



28.8 
13.1 

7.6 

6.7 
12.3 
13.2 
10.3 

3.5 
33.6 

5.8 
17.4 
17.0 

4.2 
10.2 
25.4 



8. RHODE ISLAND — CENSUS OF MANUFACTURES 



1919 

Number of establishments 2,466 

Persons engaged in manufactures 15,5,547 

Proprietors and firm members 2,118 

Salaried employes 13,764 

Wage earners (average) 139,665 

Primary horsepower 318,673 

Capital $,589,937,000 

Services 168,075.000 

Salaries 31,004.000 

Wages 137.671.000 

Materials 416.318.000 

Value of products 747.323.000 

Value added by manufacture (value of products less cost of materials) . 331.005.000 



1914 



$308, 

72, 

13 

59, 

162, 

279, 

117 



2,190 
124,109 
1,883 
8,801 
113,425 
269,854 
,445,000 
,622.000 
,2,56,000 
,366,000 
,425,000 
,546,000 
,121,000 



1909 

1,951 

122,641 

1,721 

7,382 

113,538 

226,740 

$290,901,000 

65,811,000 

10,577,000 

55,234,000 

158,192,000 

280,344,000 

122,152,000 



Per Cent of 

Increase 

1914 1909 

1919 1914 



126 

25.3 

12.5 

56.4 

23.1 

18.1 

91.3 

132.3 

133.9 

131.9 

156.3 

167.3 

182.6 



12.3 

1.2 

9.4 

19.2 

-0.1 

19.0 

6.0 

10.3 

25.3 

7.5 

2.7 

-0.3 

4.1 



9. CONNECTICUT — CENSUS OF MANUFACTURES 



1919 

Number of establishments 4.878 

Persons engaged in manufactures 339,144 

Proprietors and firm members 3,922 

Salaried employes 42,020 

Wage earners (average) 293,202 

Primary horsepower 643,732 

Capital $1,343,900,000 

Services 4I0,18.H,000 

Salaries 87,139,000 

Wages 323,040,000 

Materials 686,842,000 

Value of products 1,394,993,000 

Value added by manufacture (value of products iess cost of materials) . . 708,151,000 



1914 

4,104 

254,499 

3,123 

25,112 

226,264 

453,812 

$620,194,000 

160,731,000 

35,511.000 

125,220.000 

2SS. 5 11.000 

,545,482,000 

256,961,000 



1909 

4,251 

233,871 

3,468 

19,611 

210,792 

400,275 

$517,547,000 

135,756,000 

25,637,000 

110,119,000 

257,259,000 

490,272,000 

233,013,000 



Per Cent of 
Increase 
1914 1909 

1919 1914 



18.9 

33.3 

25.6 

67.3 

29.6 

41.8 

116.7 

155.2 

145.4 

158.0 

138.1 

155.7 

175.6 



-3.5 
8.8 
-9.9 
28.1 
7.3 
13.4 
19.8 
18.4 
38.5 
13.7 
12.1 
11.3 
10.3 



VALUE OF FARM CROPS (1920) 



Maine $100,1.52,324 

New Hampshire 23,509,665 

Vermont 47,999,600 

Massachusetts 53,700,925 

Rhode Island 5,340,378 

Connecticut 454,492,385 



% 



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